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INFC 215 > Mod 3 > Flashcards

Mod 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunity

A

Immunity means to be resistant to a specific disease

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2
Q

What are the 2 ways immunity can be stimulated?

A
  1. By an antigen/ immunogens
  2. By exposing the person to artificial antigens via vaccines or toxoids
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3
Q

What is the substance that is responsible for immunity?

A

Antibodies which are made by antigens

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4
Q

What are antigens made up of?

A

Proteins or proteins + polysaccharides

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5
Q

Are bacteria and viruses antigens?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Do bacteria/ viruses carry only one antigen?

A

No, bacteria/ viruses can carry more than one antigen

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7
Q

When antigens are received, what are the two cells that get released?

A

Either B cells (humoral immune system) or T cells (cellular immune system), depending on the antigen received

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8
Q

How do B cells and T cells help our bodies?

A

They create our bodies’ defense products and memory cells

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9
Q

What are the 2 antibodies produced by B cells?

A

Immunoglobin G (IgG) and immunoglobin M (IgM)

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10
Q

List 3 things about immunoglobin M

A
  1. Is the largest antibody produced in the immune system
  2. Does not last long in the blood stream
  3. Their presence indicates recent exposure to antigens
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11
Q

List 3 things about immunoglobin G

A
  1. Follows the production of IgM
  2. Presence of this antibody indicates past exposure to antigen
  3. Protects you against infection by “remembering” the germ you’ve been exposed to
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12
Q

What is other name for B cells and T cells?

A

Lymphocytes

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13
Q

What are the 2 groups of cells B cells are divided into when an antigen touches B cells?

A
  1. Plasma cells - produces our antibodies
  2. Memory cells - are inactive antibodies and can be activated in the future if one faces the same antigen
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14
Q

How long does it take to detect antibodies in the host?

A

1 week if the host has been exposed to the antigen for the first time. Once the memory cells remembers the antigen, it will take a lot faster to detect antibodies

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15
Q

What does the body make more of (2 things) when the body gets exposed to antigens?

A

More IgG antibodies and more memory cells

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16
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect responses to immunization?

A
  1. Individual differences - some people have a more fit immune system
  2. Site of injection - if the site of injection is at an area with a lot of fat, then the antigen might bound to the fat tissues and not reach the required place
  3. Immunization product - immunization products have been altered/ improved over the years
  4. Product failure - this could be due to improper storage or a faulty lot
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17
Q

What are the 2 main types of immunity?

A
  1. Innate immunity - the type we have because of our species
  2. Acquired immunity - is obtained during life
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18
Q

What are the two different types of acquired immunity?

A
  1. Naturally acquired immunity (is from Mother Nature)
  2. Artificial acquired immunity (get via injection, oral or spray
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19
Q

What are the 2 ways to get naturally acquired or artificial acquired immunity?

A

Passive or active

20
Q

What is the difference between passive and active immunization (3)?

A
  1. Passive immunization uses antibodies whereas active immunization uses antigens\
  2. Passive immunization is short (3 months) vs active immunization is long (years)
  3. Passive immunization is used for disease treatment/ short term prevention because antibodies are available immediately vs active immunization is use for disease prevention
21
Q

What are the 2 products used in active immunization?

A
  1. Vaccine - is a suspension of a bacteria or virus that is altered so that it cannot cause the disease but activate immune response
  2. Toxoid - is a solution made from bacterial exotoxin (soluble proteins that are made by the bacteria) that gets treated so it retains its antigenic properties
22
Q

What is the product used in passive immunization?

A

Preformed antibodies (antibodies made in another person or animal like a horse)

23
Q

When are babies’ immune system developed?

A

After 2 months

24
Q

Define communicable disease

A

Is a disease that spreads from one person or animal to another or from a surface to a person. Patients are not isolated until symptoms appeared so others will get infected

25
Q

Why is rubella immunization important?

A

To prevent fetal infections and possible birth defects

26
Q

Who should NOT receive rubella immunization?

A

Pregnant female or anyone expecting to become pregnant within 3 months

27
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis is a viral infection of the liver and can be caused by different viruses

28
Q

What is the most infectious fluid?

A

Blood is the most infectious fluid

29
Q

After how many doses of hepatitis B will there be a protective level of antibodies?

A

After the 3rd dose

30
Q

What test is done to see if a person is immune to hepatitis B?

A

A blood test for anti hepatitis B surface antibodies

31
Q

What is the passive immunization form hepatitis B vaccination called?

A

Hepatitis B Immune Globin (HBIG)

32
Q

Who gets hepatitis B immune globin (HBIG)?

A

Healthcare workers that have been exposed to hepatitis B virus and when there is no evidence of hepatitis B antibodies

33
Q

What is another name for chicken pox?

A

Varicella

34
Q

Why is chickenpox a serious concern in healthcare facilities/ hospitals?

A

Because immunosuppressed patients who get varicella may get secondary infections resulting in death

35
Q

List the 2 steps how chicken pox can be spread in the hospital

A
  1. A healthcare worker can unknowingly get chicken pox outside of work and come into work during the incubation period of chicken pox
  2. The healthcare worker can then unknowingly spread chicken pox to patients
36
Q

How long is the incubation period for chicken pox?

A

14 to 21 days

37
Q

Name 2 ways patients are protected from getting chicken pox

A
  1. Healthcare facilities require immune status of healthcare worker
  2. If healthcare worker gets chicken pox and has no immunization against chicken pox, then they are removed on the 10th to 21st day after exposure
38
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Persistent cough, fever, malaise and weight loss

39
Q

How does tuberculosis spread?

A

The infection spreads from the lungs and then to other parts of the body and may result in death

40
Q

What are the two ways tuberculosis gets spread?

A
  1. Direct contact - When TB patient coughs large globs gets discharged into the air. This is not that dangerous because bacteria are trapped by the sticky mucous but there is still a chance bacteria might reach the lungs
  2. Droplet nuclei - Is the greatest danger because inhalation of the droplet nuclei contains live bacteria. TB bacteria is small enough to avoid the upper airway defense system.
41
Q

How can one avoid getting tuberculosis?

A

Wearing the correct mask - either HEPA or N95 mask

42
Q

What are the 3 possibilities that can happen after inhaling tuberculosis?

A
  1. 90% of the people will be infected but never have the disease
  2. 5% of the people will get an active case of tuberculosis - mainly due to poor nutrition/ crowded living areas
  3. 5 - 10% of the people will get infected and experience symptoms later on in life
43
Q

Why is tuberculosis considered a serious problem in recent years?

A

Since the 1980s, there has been a dramatic increase in numbers of new cases globally. Some strains of tuberculosis are dangerously close to being untreatable

44
Q

Is tuberculosis a fast growing or a slow growing organism?

A

Tuberculosis is a slow growing organism

45
Q

What are the 4 steps that can be done to minimize the risk of getting tuberculosis?

A
  1. Identify high risk tuberculosis patients
  2. Understand how tuberculosis is spread
  3. Use tuberculosis skin testing
  4. Use anti tuberculosis drugs
46
Q

How does the tuberculosis skin test work?

A

The tuberculosis skin test works by injecting the cell wall of tuberculosis underneath the skin of the forearm. If the person has been in contact with tuberculosis before there will be an inflammation where the injection was within 48 to 72 hours

47
Q

What are the 4 reasons why a person would test positive for tuberculosis?

A
  1. The person has an active case of TB
  2. Person has been infected with TB and their immune system is killing off TB
  3. Person had an active case of TB in the past
  4. Person has been immunized against TB

INFC 215 (7 decks)

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