Mod 4

Question 1

Dysarthria

Answer 1

Incoordination and/or slowness of speech
- cerebellar dysarthria: ataxic
Basal nuclei related dysarthria: hyper or hypokinetic
UMN or LMN: muscle weakness

Question 2

Aphasia

Answer 2

Absence of speech
- involves multiple anatomic regions
- can be a result of damage to any area of the cortex
- the characteristics of the aphasia can reveal the area of the lesion
- Broca’s, Wernicke’s, Global

Question 3

Structures of the limbic system

Answer 3

Hippocampal formation and amygdala
Largely a temporal lobe structure

Question 4

Functions of the limbic system

Answer 4

Species preservation
Self preserfavtion
Expression of emotions and memory

Question 5

Limbic system and the somatic motor system

Answer 5

Reticular formation: prepare for flight or escape
Reticulospinal tracts
- reflexes of trunk (axial) muscles and limbs
- maintains posture and balance
Basal nuclei
- limbic loop: motivational and emotional aspects of movement
- seems to be involved in sympathetic response
- impulse control
Facial expressions and emotionally charged body movement

Question 6

Function of hypothalamus

Answer 6

Maintain homeostasis
- appetite
- fluid/electrolyte balance
- glucose balance
- metabolism
- sleep
- body temperature

Question 7

Hypothalamic control of the ANS

Answer 7

PSNS and SNS responses
Hormone release which acts on cells of the anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 8

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 8

CRH stimulated ACTH release: adrenal hormones
TRH stimulates TSH release: thyroid hormones
GnRH stimulates LH/FSH release
GHRH stimulates growth hormone release: liver

Question 9

Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 9

ADH
Oxytocin

Question 10

Acute phase stress response

Answer 10

Limbic system/amygdala
Hypothalamus releases CRF
Pituitary releases ACTH
ACTH triggers cortisol release
If stress persists, chronic cortisol release creates adverse response.

Question 11

Risk factors for stress

Answer 11

Lack of education
Previous trauma
Childhood adversity
Child abuse
Family psychiatric history
Proir psychological difficulties
Trauma severity
Lack of social support following the event
Subsequent life stress

Question 12

Factors that predict successful coping

Answer 12

Hardiness
Self-enhancement
Positive emotion

Question 13

Neuroplasticity beyond early development

Answer 13

synapse modification

Question 14

Long term potentation

Answer 14

Results in well-established connections
Repeated exposure to a stimulus results in increased level of activity at that synapse

Question 15

Long term depression

Answer 15

Results in poor connectivity, potentially cell death
Repeated exposure to a stimulus results in decreased level of activity at that synapse

Question 16

Healing and learning

Answer 16

Require a change in neural connections
Neurogenesis is rare after early childhood, but gliogenesis persists throughout the lifespan.

Question 17

Healing after CNS injury is often mediated by

Answer 17

Glial cells that salvage and strengthen surviving neurons
Facilitate new axon: dendrtitic connections

Question 18

Spontaneous recovery involves

Answer 18

Neurite growth
Angiogenesis
Synaptogenesis

Question 19

Experience dependent plasticity

Answer 19

Maladaptive prevents recovery
Adaptive promotes recovery

Question 20

How does the brain adapt and reorganize in response to activity

Answer 20

Synaptogenesis
White matter changes
Altered gene expression
LTP is associated with skill acquisition, and LTD can lead to microglial synaptic pruning

Question 21

Types of memory

Answer 21

Sensory or immediate: lasts no more than a few seconds
Short term: lasts seconds to minutes
Long term: permanent

Question 22

Types of long term memory

Answer 22

Declarative/explicit
- facts and events
- to form long term declarative memories, the hippocampus must be intact
Nondeclarative/implicit
- procedures and responses

Question 23

Reticular formation afferents

Answer 23

Sensory
Motor
ANS
Hypothalamus/limbic system

Question 24

Efferents of the reticular formation

Answer 24

Every level of the CNS

Question 25

Reticular formation control of motor function

Answer 25

Corticoreticular fibers synapse with motor interneurons
Function in locomotion and postural control
Control muscle tone and reflex activity
Maintains horizontal gaze steady when the head moves

Question 26

Reticular formation control of pain sensation

Answer 26

Collateral branches of pain pathways extend to the RF
RF sends signals to the
- hypothalamus and limbic systems –> emotional response
reticulobulbar and reticulospinal tracts –> sertotonergic inhbition of pain

Question 27

Reticular formation control of ANS

Answer 27

Receives afferents from
- cerebral cortex
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
- ascending sensory pathways
The reticulobulbar tract and reticulospinal tract carry signals to the ANS center of the brainstem

Question 28

Confusion

Answer 28

impairment speed and clarity, associated with inattentiveness and disorientation

Question 29

Drowsiness

Answer 29

inability to remain awake without external stimulation

Question 30

Stupor

Answer 30

only vigorous external stimulation can arouse the patient; once aroused, responses remain markedly impaired

Question 31

Coma

Answer 31

deep sleep-like state; patient cannot be aroused even with vigorous or repeated external stimulation

Question 32

Increased intracranial pressure

Answer 32

Trauma –> swelling –> increased ICP
The only outlet for the cranium is the foramen magnum –> pressure on the brainstem
- medulla –> damage to respiratory centers –> apnea
- midbrain –> RF damage and hypersomnia –> coma

Question 33

T6 and above

Answer 33

Descending reticulospinal tracts innervate sympathetic signals to the ANS organs of the thorax
Early –> reduced SNS activity
Late –> reflex SNS hyperactivity