Mod 1

Question 1

Organization of the nervous system

Answer 1

Question 2

Mechanisms underlying embryogenesis

Answer 2

1. Induction of cell differentiation
2. Neuron generation and apoptosis
3. Neuronal guidance
4. Synapse formation

Question 3

Cell differentiation

Answer 3

Each layer will develop different types of cells.
The nervous system will develop from ectoderm.

Question 4

Ectoderm

Answer 4

Nervous system
Skin

Question 5

Mesoderm

Answer 5

Muscle
Skeleton
Kidneys
Reproductive system

Question 6

Endoderm

Answer 6

Endocrine glands
Lungs
Digestive tract
Liver

Question 7

Most common group of congenital deficits

Answer 7

Abnormal neural tube closure

Question 8

Axonal transport

Answer 8

Proteins carry substances along the microtubules
Anterograde: toward axon terminal
Retrograde: toward cell body

Question 9

Action potential

Answer 9

Na+ ion movement across into the cell causes depolarization, which triggers voltage-gated K+ ion channels to open slowly and remain open.
Voltage-gated K+ ion channels open slowly and remain open (repolarization) allowing K+ to rush out swiftly (hyperpolarization).

Question 10

Overview of neurotransmitters

Answer 10

Acetylcholine: excitatory and inhibitory
Dopamine: excitatory and inhibitory
- norepinephrine and epinephrine
GABA: most common inhibitory
Glutamate: most common excitatory
Serotonin: excitatory and inhibitory
- modulates catecholamine levels
- common in brainstem

Question 11

Gross anatomy of spinal cord

Answer 11

Cervical enlargement: C3-T2
Lumbar enlargement: T11-L1
Conus medullaris: L1
Cauda equina
Filum terminale
Lumbar cistern

Question 12

Spinal nerves

Answer 12

Spinal roots joint to form spinal nerves
Spinal nerves divide into the ventral and dorsal rami

Question 13

Arteries of spinal cord

Answer 13

Serves the length of the spinal cord
- anterior spinal artery (one)
- posterior spinal arteries (paired)
Branch off at each level
- segmental radicular arteries

Question 14

Intercranial hemorrhages

Answer 14

Epidural: above the dura; biconvex shape
Subdural: below the dura; crescent shape
Subarachnoid: follows contour of the brain, midline shift

Question 15

Spaces within the meninges

Answer 15

Dural veneous sinus
- separated layers of dura
- venous circulation
Ventricles of the brain
- ependymal lines cavities
- CSF filled spaces

Question 16

2 main arteries of the intracranial structures

Answer 16

Internal carotid
Vertebral
Join together to create the Circle of Willis

Question 17

Vertebral artery course

Answer 17

Through transverse processes of cervical spine
Gives branches to spinal arteries
Join together to form the basilar artery

Question 18

Basilar artery

Answer 18

Primarily supplies posterior cerebral artery
Gives rise to:
- pontine arteries
- cerebellar arteries

Question 19

Circle of Willis

Answer 19

Gives rise to:
- anterior cerebral artery
- middle cerebral artery
- posterior cerebral artery

Question 20

Cerebral arterial supply

Answer 20

Three branches of the circle of Willis supply most of the cerebral hemisphere

Question 21

Brainstem structure

Answer 21

The cross section of the brainstem roughly has 3 zones

Question 22

Cranial nerves

Answer 22

CN I: olfactory
CN II: optic
CN III: oculomotor
CN IV: trochlear
CN V: trigeminal
CN VI: abducens
CN VII: facial
CN VIII: vestibulocochlear
CN IX: glossopharyngeal
CN X: vagus
CN XI: accessory
CN XII: hypoglossal