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Neuro Final > Mod 3 > Flashcards

Mod 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ascending sensory pathways

A

Spinothalamic (ALS)
DCML
Spinocerebellar

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2
Q

Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar pathways

A

Carry subconscious proprioception
- receptors of muscles, joints, tendons, and skin
- ipsilateral trunk and lower extremity
First order neuron: carries signals from receptor to dorsal horn
- cell body in dorsal root ganglia
Second order neuron: carries signals from the dorsal horn to the cerebellum
- cell body in the dorsal horn

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3
Q

Anatomy of the thalamus

A

Relay signals to the ipsilateral cerebral cortex
- specific relay nuclei
- sensory relay nuclei
- motor relay nuclei
- association nuclei
- nonspecific nuclei

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4
Q

Vascular supply of the thalamus

A

Posterior cerebral artery
Anterior choroidal artery

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5
Q

Function of the ALS

A

Carry sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
Neurons travel by the direct or indirect path.
Direct path carries pain, temperature, and crude touch to the thalamus.
Indirect path carries pain to others structures before they reach the thalamus.
- reticular formation
- hypothalamus
- superior colliculus
- brainstem

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6
Q

Neurons of ALS

A

First order: receptor to dorsal horn
Second order: dorsal horn to thalamus
Third order: thalamus to cerebral cortex

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7
Q

Indirect path of ALS

A

Reticular system: alerts patient to injury, elicits response –> evade injury
Mesencephalon: modulates pain reception
- transmits to the amygdala, emotional component of pain
Superior colliculus: turn head/eyes toward pain stimulus
Hypothalamus: autonomic response
- increases heart rate
- endocrine release of stress hormones

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8
Q

DCML

A

In posterior funiculus
Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception
Fasciulus gracillis - on either side of midline carrying signals to LE
Fasciculus cuneatus - lateral to FG carrying UE signals

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9
Q

Neurons of DCML

A

First order: receptor to medulla
Second order: dorsal horn to thalamus
Third order: thalamus to cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Specificity theory

A

Proposed that the somatosensory system could be divided according to specific receptors for tactile, hot, cold, and pain

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11
Q

Pattern theory

A

Suggested that in addition to the type of input (fibers, pathways, or anatomic structures), the pattern of impulses in the nervous system modulates pain perception

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12
Q

Gate control theory

A

Endogenous pain modulatory mechanisms could enhance or reduce perception

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13
Q

Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls

A

Observation that a localized nociceptive stimulation can produce a diffuse analgesic effect over the rest of the body, an analgesic approach known as counter-irritation.

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14
Q

Path of light

A

Cornea
Anterior chamber
Pupil
Lens
Vitreous humor
Retina

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15
Q

Neurons of the eyeball

A

Photoreceptors: light energy transduced to electrical energy
First order: bipolar cells
Second order: ganglion cells which form the optic nerve
Third order: in the thalamus which sends projections to the visual cortex

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16
Q

Light stimulates a sensory signal which travels the following path

A

Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
LGN of the thalamus
Optic radiations
Visual cortex

17
Q

Secondary: subconscious vision

A
  1. superior colliculus: saccadic eye movement
  2. pretectal area: autonomic reflexes
  3. hypothalamus: circadian rhythms
  4. reticular formation: arousal/vision
18
Q

PLR: Constriction

A

Afferent: CN II
Efferent: CN III

  1. light –> optic nerve/optic tract
  2. pretectal midbrain —> bilateral EW nucleus
  3. bilateral ciliary ganglia –> constrictor muscles
19
Q

PLR: Dilation

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. spinal cord
  3. superior cervical ganglia
  4. internal carotid artery plexus
  5. dilator muscles
20
Q

Convergence accommodation reflex

A

Light –> optic nerve –> optic tract –> visual cortex –> bilateral midbrain

  1. Convergence: CN III to medial rectus
  2. Accommodation: CN III to ciliary muscles
  3. Constriction: CN III to pupillary sphincter
21
Q

Corneal blink reflex

A

Afferent: CN V1 (unilateral)
Efferent: CN VII (bilateral)

22
Q

Pathway of sound

A

Sound waves create oscillations
- external auditory canal
- tympanic membrane
- ossicles vibrate, pusing on the structures of the inner ear
- oval window
- scala vestibuli
- scala tympani
- round window

23
Q

Chochlea

A

The cochlear duct is between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani.
It contains the receptors for transducing fluid wavs into electrical signals.

24
Q

Ascending auditory pathway

A

the auditory pathway travels along CN VIII to immediately become a bilateral signal which goes to the thalamus then the auditory cortical areas.

25
Q

Vestibular system

A

The bony labyrinth contains the organs of the vestibular system
Two sets of vestibular organs:
- semicircular canals
- otolith organs

26
Q

Semicircular canals

A

As the head moves, the fluid inside the canals moves, pushing on the ampulla of the canal.

27
Q

Otolith organs

A

In the vestibule
- saccule
- utricle
Function: respond to linear movement

28
Q

Receptors of the otolith organs

A

Hair cells embedded in a gelatinous membrane. Movement causes hair cells to bend, depolarizing sensory neurons.
Otoliths sit on top of the membrane, causing the membrane to move in response to gravity.

29
Q

Afferent projections to the vestibular nuclear complex

A

Vestibular nerve
Cerebellar nuclei
Contralateral vestibular nucleus
Spinal cord (spinovestibular fibers)
Pretectal nuclei (eye movement coordination)

30
Q

Efferent projections to the vestibular nuclear complex

A

Motor nuclei of CN III, IV, VI: extraocular movements and eye reflexes
Cerebellum: integrates sensory movement and coordinates movement
Reticular formation: reflex motor activity
Spinal cord: postural adjustments
Vestibular labyrinth: modulate the afferent signals

Neuro Final (7 decks)

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