Mod 3 - 19th Century Flashcards by Ivan Gaddi

Nineteenth century other terminologies; AKA

“an era of challenges and
responses”
“period of major changes
which affected men and
society”

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Six important changes in the country:

-The struggle for
nationalism
-The gradual speed for democracy
-the modernization of living through industrial revo
-The advance of Science
-The march of imperialism
-The new current in the movement of thought and growing confidence on progress

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is a feeling of oneness by a group of people who believe that they possess common traditions culture, and common ideas ad goals

Nationalism

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Effects of nationalism:

proud of group
willing to serve group
patriotic
pride for country

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Two great upheavals that occurred in the last quarter of the

eighteenth century:

American Revolution (1775-1783) 
French Revolution (1779-1789)

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A country should be free from domination by
another and the people should enjoy liberty, equality,
and opportunity.

Liberals

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: They believed in the “good old days”

when monarchs and kings ruled over their subjects

Conservatives

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When did the The Greeks with foreign aid won their independence from the
Turks?

1830

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when did the The Norwegians won their freedom from the Swedes?

1905

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In 1861, italy became a free country because of:

Camillo Cavour,
Joseph Mazzini,
Joseph Garibaldi,

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Exceptions from the freedom of france

Rome which remained under the Pope and Venetia

Trent and Trieste under Austria.

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Leader of germay who adopted policy of “blood and iron” and when did germany unite?

Otto von Bismarck, 1871

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when did canada became a self governing nation?

1867

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who won ther independence between 11800 and 1825

Spain’s colonies in Latin America

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who freed Northern South America

territory

. Simoun de

Bolivar, “the liberator”,

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Nothern South America Teritorries

Venezuela,
Colombia,
Bolivia,
and part of Peru.

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a patriotic upperclass
Spaniard freed Southern South America.

Jose San Martin

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Nationalism developed in Japan
during a long period of seclusion
under?

Shogunate

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Nationalism in India arose because of?

British exploitation of the country

racial discrimination

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GOMBURZA and year

Fathers
Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez y de los
Angeles and Jacinto Zamora
Feb 17, 1872

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A system of government in which power is vested
in the people and exercised by them directly, has
constraints on the power of the executives, and
provides a guarantee of civil liberties

Democracy

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Democracy In France

-through revolution
-Third
French Republic in 1875
-right to vote

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Democracy In England

-passed through reforms passed by parliaments
-right to vote extended
-Cabinet system (House of Commons and
not to the King or House of Lords)
-Reform acts 1832,1867,1884
-slavery abolished
-funds for educ
-child labor was prohibited

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Democracy in belgium

liberal constitution

was adopted in 1831

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Democracy In Switzerland

-manhood suffrage was approved (1848) --“referendum”

which allows a bill in switzerland to be passed by the legislature to be presented to the people for approval and the “initiative” which gives the voters the right to propose laws for approval of the legislature were also adopted

referendum

Democracy In Australia

- introduced ballot system | - manhood suffrage in 1885.

Democracy in new zealand

manhood suffrage was also | adopted.

Democracy in US

people responsible are : Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson | -American Civil War ended slavery

Democracy In the Philippines

“We… fight so that there may be more justice and more liberty and for the sacred rights of man.” jose rizal wrote

``` Began in England in the 17th century or earlier, until the 19th century; Spread to the United States and much later to other countries of Europe, Asia, Latin America, Canada, Australia and parts of Africa. ```

Industrial Revolution

Changes in industry:

-hand work to machine work:

the basic | materials of industry

Coal, iron, and steel

spinning jenny, spinning frame, spinning shuttle, cotton grin, and sewing machine

Revolution in Manufacturing

steam boats, steam locomotives, | airplanes, automobiles, and balloons

Revolution in Transportation

telephone, telegraph, wireless telegraphy, cable, postal service and newspapers

Revolution in Communicaation

Effects of Industrial Revolution:

- Encouraged Migration - Increase in population cam about - Nationalism was stimulated - Growth of liberalism was fostered - Industrial Capitalism developed

Effects of the creation of machines (industrialization):

Establishment of factories ⬗ Thousands of workers were employed in the beginning ⬗ Manufacturers went into large scales of production of goods ⬗ Commodities became cheaper ⬗ Towns and cities grew ⬗ Wealth of nation increased by leaps and bounds ⬗ Factory system improved the standards of living ⬗ Two social classes arose: capitalists and laborers

a new economic philosophy - “let well enough alone” or “hands off” -A policy that prevented the government from interfering in private trade or industry except with its rule of protecting the nation against any kind of threat.

-Laissez-faire

new producers who finance mills and factories

Capitalist

Suggested proposals to remedy the evils of the Industrial Revolution.

Liberals, Socialists, Communists

``` Adopted laissez-faire policy.; Allows everybody to expand as much as they wished in their industrial enterprises, which resulted into unemployment and misery with industrialists being powerful and rich, and working men being poorer. ```

Liberals

Believed that the government should own and manage the means of production; “As long as the capitalists controlled the economic life of the people, there could be no democracy.” ; t reforms could be achieved gradually and peacefully through normal political methods

Socialists

proposed a new and positive reorganization of society, controlled by the chiefs of industry, with scientists in the role of priests, which aimed to produce things useful to life, and peace would be assured by universal association.

Claude Henri

advocated a reconstruction of society based on communal associations of producers known as phalanges. -Fourierism

Francois Fourier

one of the most influential early 19th -century advocates of Utopian Socialism

Robert Owen

co-author of Communist Manifesto ⬗ -advocated revolutionary communism. ⬗ -believed that only a violent revolution could improve the lot of workingmen

Karl Marx

Contained Christian principles advocated by the Catholic Church and announced by Pope Leo XIII, reacting to the evils of industrialism.

Rerum Novarum (The Conditions of Labor)

Contents of rerum novarum

Rights must be religiously respected. ⬗ It is the duty of public authority to prevent and punish injury. ⬗ The poor and the helpless have a claim to a special consideration whenever there is a question of protecting the rights of individuals. ⬗ Since private property is as universal as human nature, the State has the right to regulate the use of private property and to protect it. ⬗ The preservation of life is the bounden duty of each and all members of society. The worker is entitled to a just and decent living wage which will enable him to live in reasonable comfort as a human being, to develop his faculties, and to attain his ultimate goal in life. ⬗ The State has the duty to provide favourable working conditions. ⬗ The workers have the right to form unions.

– formulated the atomic theory which explains that all matter is made up of invisible particles or atoms.

John Dalton

Dalton's Atomic Theory components

16mass units + 2 mass units= 18 mass units

discovered radium, an important | element

Marie Curie

discovered that germs cause diseases in man and animals (germ theory) - became the outstanding helper of mankind

Louis Pasteur

– discovered the germ that caused anthrax -Inhalation anthrax -became the greatest bacteriologist of his day

Robert Koch

– introduced antiseptics which prevents infection - began the modern practice of hospital sanitation

Dr. Joseph Lister

– demonstrated the anesthetic | properties of ether in a surgical operation in 1842

Dr. Crawford Long

– first to use the ether to ease pain | of tooth extraction in 1846

Dr. William Morton

used chloroform for the first time | in 1847

Dr. James Simpson

is the activity of the nation in extending its control and authority beyond its territorial boundaries through the acquisition of the new territories; the desire of civilized nations to rule over weak or ”backward” peoples.

Imperialism

Great modern powers acquired colonies, concessions or spheres of influence for several reasons:

Economic standpoint Political Religous

Two most common techniques of economic | imperialism:

Economic penetrations by asking permission to do business for foreign capitalists ⬗ Political control in order to protect economic interests

Imperialism also abolished practices such as

cannibalism, slave traffic, and slavery.

Developments in the late 19th Century

Man made considerable advancement in various fields ⬗ Democracy made significant reforms in government and social relations ⬗ Human rights was extended to many people ⬗ Large investments for public education ⬗ Higher education for women ⬗ Improved public health ⬗ Literature and art ⬗ Architecture and music

-belief that every human life is sacred; the government exists for the welfare of all citizens

Individualism