Mod 3

Question 1

What is immunization?

Answer 1

It is the process where resistance to infectious diseases are induced

Question 2

What is immunity?

Answer 2

Resistance to a specific disease

Question 3

What is an antigen?

Answer 3

Stimulus that the host reacts to and produces antibodies against

Question 4

What are antibodies?

Answer 4

Proteins that alert the body of a foreign entity

Question 5

What’s another term for antibodies?

Answer 5

Immunoglobulins

Question 6

What gets produced when the cellular immune system (T cells) gets activated?

Answer 6

It produces lymphokines and memory cells

Question 7

What gets produced when the humoral immune system (B cells) gets activated?

Answer 7

Production of specific antibodies IgM then IgG and memory cells

Question 8

What is IgM? (Immunoglobulin M)

Answer 8

A gamma globulin protein that is the largest and first antibody produced in the immune response

Question 9

What is IgG? (Immunoglobulin G)

Answer 9

Produced after IgM

Question 10

What are the differences between IgM and IgG?

Answer 10

IgM stays in the bloodstream, IgG is found in the blood and humoral (fluid) immunity of the host

IgM = recent/current exposure to an antigen 
IgG = past exposure

IgM = short lasting
IgG = long lasting

Question 11

What are the steps to antibody production?

Answer 11

1. Antigens coming into contact with lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells
2. B cells binds to specific receptors on the antigen
3. B cells proliferate into a clone (group of B cells)
4. Cells divide into plasma cells and memory cells

Question 12

What are memory cells?

Answer 12

Cells that aren’t currently producing antibodies but can be activated if future exposure to that antigen occurs again

Question 13

What are plasma cells?

Answer 13

Cells that produces antibodies

Question 14

What are the four factors that affect responses to immunization?

Answer 14

1. Individual differences
2. Site of injection
3. Immunization product
4. Product failure

Question 15

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 15

Innate immunity and acquired immunity

Question 16

What is innate immunity?

Answer 16

Immunity that is different depending on each species

Question 17

What is acquired immunity?

Answer 17

Immunity that is obtained during life; it can be developed naturally or artificially and passively or actively

Question 18

What is naturally-acquired immunity?

Answer 18

Result of a natural process (maternal transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus by placenta or breast milk)

Question 19

What is artificially-acquired immunity?

Answer 19

When antigens are exposed on purpose

Question 20

What is active immunity?

Answer 20

When an individual is exposed to antigens that trigger their body to produce their own antibodies

Question 21

During active immunity, how long down it take to establish protection?

Answer 21

Days-weeks

Question 22

What type of immunity is used for prevention and is therefore, long-lasting?

Answer 22

active immunity

Question 23

What are some agents that induce active immunity?

Answer 23

Vaccines and toxoids

Question 24

What are vaccines?

Answer 24

Suspension of virus/bacteria that is no longer pathogenic but are still antigenic which can still stimulate antibody production

Question 25

What are toxoids?

Answer 25

Bacterial exotoxin extract that is treated so it’s not toxic but still has antigenic properties

Question 26

What diseases were toxoids used to develop immunization against?

Answer 26

Diphtheria and tetanus

Question 27

What is passive immunity?

Answer 27

When the individual acquires performed antibodies

Question 28

What are performed antibodies?

Answer 28

Antibodies that are made in another person or animal

Question 29

What type of immunity is used for treatment and is therefore, short term!

Answer 29

Passive immunity

Question 30

How long does passive immunity last?

Answer 30

About 3 months

Question 31

What are some examples of passive immunization?

Answer 31

Gamma globulin, hep a immune globulin, tetanus antitoxin, rabies immune globulin and anti-snake venom

Question 32

What are booster shots for?

Answer 32

It is to maintain the number of memory cells to keep them at protective levels

Question 33

Why is rubella immunization important?

Answer 33

It is to prevent fetal infections and possible birth defects and to eliminate the reservoir of the virus

Question 34

What are the side effects infants can get if their mothers are infected with rubella?

Answer 34

Spontaneous abortions, deafness, cataracts, mental retardation, and heart defects

Question 35

When are fetuses most susceptible to damage?

Answer 35

If the mother is infected during the first months of pregnancy

Question 36

When does the danger of fetal damage decline?

Answer 36

After the fourth and fifth month of pregnancy

Question 37

What is the most infectious bodily fluid?

Answer 37

Blood but at certain stages of the disease, other fluids may also be infectious

Question 38

What is the recommended schedule for the hep vaccination?

Answer 38

2 doses one month apart and third dose six months after the first

Question 39

What factors contribute to poor antibody responses?

Answer 39

- frozen vaccine - injection into fatty tissues - poor mixing of the vaccine

Question 40

What is tuberculosis?

Answer 40

A slow growing organism that has long generation tome

Question 41

What is the incubation period of TB?

Answer 41

Weeks—months

Question 42

How is TB spread?

Answer 42

1. Direct contact - globs of sputum inhaled | 2. Droplet nuclei - inhalation

Question 43

What are some symptoms of TB?

Answer 43

Persistent cough, fever, malaise, bloody sputum and weight loss

Question 44

What are some reasons someone would test positive for TB?

Answer 44

- active case of TB - been in contact and infected but immune system was able to control it - they had an active case in the past - immunized against TB