Mod 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunization?

A

It is the process where resistance to infectious diseases are induced

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2
Q

What is immunity?

A

Resistance to a specific disease

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3
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Stimulus that the host reacts to and produces antibodies against

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4
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that alert the body of a foreign entity

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5
Q

What’s another term for antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulins

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6
Q

What gets produced when the cellular immune system (T cells) gets activated?

A

It produces lymphokines and memory cells

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7
Q

What gets produced when the humoral immune system (B cells) gets activated?

A

Production of specific antibodies IgM then IgG and memory cells

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8
Q

What is IgM? (Immunoglobulin M)

A

A gamma globulin protein that is the largest and first antibody produced in the immune response

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9
Q

What is IgG? (Immunoglobulin G)

A

Produced after IgM

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10
Q

What are the differences between IgM and IgG?

A

IgM stays in the bloodstream, IgG is found in the blood and humoral (fluid) immunity of the host

IgM = recent/current exposure to an antigen 
IgG = past exposure
IgM = short lasting
IgG = long lasting
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11
Q

What are the steps to antibody production?

A
  1. Antigens coming into contact with lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells
  2. B cells binds to specific receptors on the antigen
  3. B cells proliferate into a clone (group of B cells)
  4. Cells divide into plasma cells and memory cells
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12
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Cells that aren’t currently producing antibodies but can be activated if future exposure to that antigen occurs again

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13
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Cells that produces antibodies

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14
Q

What are the four factors that affect responses to immunization?

A
  1. Individual differences
  2. Site of injection
  3. Immunization product
  4. Product failure
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15
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate immunity and acquired immunity

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16
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Immunity that is different depending on each species

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17
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

Immunity that is obtained during life; it can be developed naturally or artificially and passively or actively

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18
Q

What is naturally-acquired immunity?

A

Result of a natural process (maternal transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus by placenta or breast milk)

19
Q

What is artificially-acquired immunity?

A

When antigens are exposed on purpose

20
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When an individual is exposed to antigens that trigger their body to produce their own antibodies

21
Q

During active immunity, how long down it take to establish protection?

A

Days-weeks

22
Q

What type of immunity is used for prevention and is therefore, long-lasting?

A

active immunity

23
Q

What are some agents that induce active immunity?

A

Vaccines and toxoids

24
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Suspension of virus/bacteria that is no longer pathogenic but are still antigenic which can still stimulate antibody production

25
Q

What are toxoids?

A

Bacterial exotoxin extract that is treated so it’s not toxic but still has antigenic properties

26
Q

What diseases were toxoids used to develop immunization against?

A

Diphtheria and tetanus

27
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When the individual acquires performed antibodies

28
Q

What are performed antibodies?

A

Antibodies that are made in another person or animal

29
Q

What type of immunity is used for treatment and is therefore, short term!

A

Passive immunity

30
Q

How long does passive immunity last?

A

About 3 months

31
Q

What are some examples of passive immunization?

A

Gamma globulin, hep a immune globulin, tetanus antitoxin, rabies immune globulin and anti-snake venom

32
Q

What are booster shots for?

A

It is to maintain the number of memory cells to keep them at protective levels

33
Q

Why is rubella immunization important?

A

It is to prevent fetal infections and possible birth defects and to eliminate the reservoir of the virus

34
Q

What are the side effects infants can get if their mothers are infected with rubella?

A

Spontaneous abortions, deafness, cataracts, mental retardation, and heart defects

35
Q

When are fetuses most susceptible to damage?

A

If the mother is infected during the first months of pregnancy

36
Q

When does the danger of fetal damage decline?

A

After the fourth and fifth month of pregnancy

37
Q

What is the most infectious bodily fluid?

A

Blood but at certain stages of the disease, other fluids may also be infectious

38
Q

What is the recommended schedule for the hep vaccination?

A

2 doses one month apart and third dose six months after the first

39
Q

What factors contribute to poor antibody responses?

A
  • frozen vaccine
  • injection into fatty tissues
  • poor mixing of the vaccine
40
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

A slow growing organism that has long generation tome

41
Q

What is the incubation period of TB?

A

Weeks—months

42
Q

How is TB spread?

A
  1. Direct contact - globs of sputum inhaled

2. Droplet nuclei - inhalation

43
Q

What are some symptoms of TB?

A

Persistent cough, fever, malaise, bloody sputum and weight loss

44
Q

What are some reasons someone would test positive for TB?

A
  • active case of TB
  • been in contact and infected but immune system was able to control it
  • they had an active case in the past
  • immunized against TB