Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

INFC 215 > Mod 1 > Flashcards

Mod 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a microorganism?

A

It’s a single-celled organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are other names for microorganism?

A

Microbe, bug, germ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four groups of microorganisms?

A
  1. Protozoa
  2. Fungi
  3. Bacteria
  4. Viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are microorganisms measured?

A

Micrometers (um)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are protozoa?

A

They are unicellular creatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do Protozoa move?

A

They move by flagella or amoeboid motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a feature of the nucleus in Protozoa?

A

Their nucleus is enclosed in plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do you typically find Protozoa?

A

They live in soil and water

Some live in our body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of a Protozoa?

A

Giardia - causes diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe amoeboid motion.

A

Crawling-like movement

This is done by the cells forming temp cytoplasmic projections (pseudopodia) at the front of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are fungi?

A

A non-photosynthetic plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two groups of fungi?

A

Yeast

Mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is yeast?

A

Unicellular, oval structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does yeast reproduce?

A

By budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common yeast to cause disease in humans?

A

Candida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does yeast cause?

A

Oral thrust, vaginal discharge, skin infections, pneumonia, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are molds?

A

Multicellular structures that form visible clumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s the structure of mold?

A

Starts as long tubular shaped then produces spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What colour are the spores?

A

Grey, green, blue, or black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the typical human infections caused by molds?

A

Skin infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Tiny unicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are bacteria surrounded by?

A

Rigid cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is special about bacteria?

A

They don’t have an organized nucleus but can be undergo activities for growth and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does it mean to be ubiquitous?

A

They can be found anywhere that has nutrients and moisture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are viruses?

A

Simple structured organisms that are smaller than bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Is it necessary for a virus to have a host?

A

Yes!

27
Q

Why is it necessary for a virus to have a host?

A

Because they’re unable to grow and reproduce without a host cells.

28
Q

What are examples of a “host”?

A

Animals, plants, humans and even bacteria

29
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Cocci/coccus
  2. Rods/bacilli (bacillus)
  3. Spirilla (spirillum)
30
Q

How do you determine if a bacteria is GRAM NEGATIVE?

A

If the bacteria is PINK to RED after being stained

31
Q

How do you determine if a bacteria is GRAM POSITIVE?

A

If the bacteria is dark bluish-black

32
Q

Why is determining the gram reaction of a bacteria important?

A

It will help to determine the effectiveness of certain antibiotics and disinfectants

33
Q

What are bacterial endospores?

A

Special types of spores produced by bacterial cells

34
Q

What are vegetative cells?

A

Bacterial cells that don’t contain endospores

35
Q

What is sporulation?

A

The formation of endospores

36
Q

When does sporulation occur?

A

When certain nutrients are depleted

37
Q

List the steps of the process of sporulation.

A
  1. Copy genetic material and tiny amount of cytoplasm is enclosed by a layer of insulating material
  2. Structure is then covered with compact layers of spore coat
  3. “Viable” endospores germinate into vegetative cells
38
Q

What determines a viable endospores?

A

When moisture and nutrients are available.

39
Q

What are the characteristics of endospores?

A
  • can remain dormant
  • resistant to heat
  • More resistant to disinfectants
  • very resistant to the cold
  • resistant to UV light, acids: alkalis and detergents
40
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Process of binary fission

41
Q

What is the germination time?

A

The time it takes for the population to double

42
Q

What’s the average gen time for rapid growing bacteria?

A

15-30 minutes

43
Q

Generation time relates to the rate at which bacteria cause disease. (T/F)

A

True

44
Q

What is a colony?

A

Mass of visible bacteria

*descendants of a single bacterial cell

45
Q

What are the 4 growth phases for bacteria?

A
  1. Lag
  2. Log
  3. Stationary
  4. Death (decline)
46
Q

Which phases defines the growth curve?

A

1-3

47
Q

What is occurring in the lag phase?

A

When cells are placed in a new environment and takes time for the cells to adapt.
*little to no increase in # of cells

48
Q

What is occurring at the log phase?

A

Period of MAXIMUM growth

*cells dividing at a constant rate

49
Q

What is occurring at stationary phase?

A

When nutrient supply depletes and cells stop dividing

50
Q

What also occurs to cause the stationary phase?

A

When the waste of the bacteria cells become too much

51
Q

Key importance in stationary phase in regards to # of cells?

A

The number of live bacteria stay constant

52
Q

What is occurring in the death phase?

A

Cells start to die and the ones that survive the longest are the ones that form spores

53
Q

In relation to infection, what is happening at the LAG phase?

A

Incubation, no symptoms

54
Q

In relation to infection, what is happening at the LOG phase?

A

Full-blown symptoms, Acute stage

55
Q

What stage is crucial for the patients survival to have medical/or good immune defence at?

A

LOG phase

56
Q

In relation to infection, what is happening at the STATIONARY phase?

A

Symptoms not worse but no sign of recovery

57
Q

In relation to infection, what is happening at the DEATH phase?

A

Symptoms subside

58
Q

What does convalescence mean?

A

Time needed to completely recover

59
Q

What are the key characteristics of viruses?

A
  • need to have a host cell in order to reproduce
  • either have DNA or RNA, not both
  • some viruses have envelopes that are made of lipids, some have spikes from the lipid envelope
60
Q

Lipid viruses are harder to inactive with disinfectants. (T/F)

A

False

61
Q

What surrounds the nucleic acid in viruses?

A

Protein coats

62
Q

What are the four steps to virus multiplication?

A
  1. Virus attached to complementary receptor sites
  2. Virus is taken in by endocytosis
  3. Cell digest the protein coat which releases the nucleic acid
  4. Viral nucleic acid synthesis proteins which joins DNA in the nucleus and moves out of the cell
63
Q

What are the effects of the virus to a host cell?

A
  • lysis of cell
  • diversion of the cells metabolic pathways
  • sometimes the host will destroy the cell that has the virus, but the cell might be crucial
  • some viruses can alter the DNA of host cells to turn them into tumour cells
64
Q

What are oncogenic viruses?

A

The ones that alter the DNA of host cells to turn them into malignant cells

INFC 215 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions