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INFC 215 > Mod 1 > Flashcards

Mod 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a microorganism?

A

It’s a single-celled organism.

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2
Q

What are other names for microorganism?

A

Microbe, bug, germ

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3
Q

What are the four groups of microorganisms?

A
  1. Protozoa
  2. Fungi
  3. Bacteria
  4. Viruses
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4
Q

How are microorganisms measured?

A

Micrometers (um)

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5
Q

What are protozoa?

A

They are unicellular creatures

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6
Q

How do Protozoa move?

A

They move by flagella or amoeboid motion

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7
Q

What is a feature of the nucleus in Protozoa?

A

Their nucleus is enclosed in plasma membrane

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8
Q

Where do you typically find Protozoa?

A

They live in soil and water

Some live in our body

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9
Q

What is an example of a Protozoa?

A

Giardia - causes diarrhea

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10
Q

Describe amoeboid motion.

A

Crawling-like movement

This is done by the cells forming temp cytoplasmic projections (pseudopodia) at the front of the cell

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11
Q

What are fungi?

A

A non-photosynthetic plants

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12
Q

What are the two groups of fungi?

A

Yeast

Mold

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13
Q

What is yeast?

A

Unicellular, oval structures

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14
Q

How does yeast reproduce?

A

By budding

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15
Q

What is the most common yeast to cause disease in humans?

A

Candida

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16
Q

What does yeast cause?

A

Oral thrust, vaginal discharge, skin infections, pneumonia, death

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17
Q

What are molds?

A

Multicellular structures that form visible clumps

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18
Q

What’s the structure of mold?

A

Starts as long tubular shaped then produces spores

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19
Q

What colour are the spores?

A

Grey, green, blue, or black

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20
Q

What are the typical human infections caused by molds?

A

Skin infections

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21
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Tiny unicellular organisms

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22
Q

What are bacteria surrounded by?

A

Rigid cell wall

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23
Q

What is special about bacteria?

A

They don’t have an organized nucleus but can be undergo activities for growth and reproduction

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24
Q

What does it mean to be ubiquitous?

A

They can be found anywhere that has nutrients and moisture

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25
What are viruses?
Simple structured organisms that are smaller than bacteria
26
Is it necessary for a virus to have a host?
Yes!
27
Why is it necessary for a virus to have a host?
Because they’re unable to grow and reproduce without a host cells.
28
What are examples of a “host”?
Animals, plants, humans and even bacteria
29
What are the shapes of bacteria?
1. Cocci/coccus 2. Rods/bacilli (bacillus) 3. Spirilla (spirillum)
30
How do you determine if a bacteria is GRAM NEGATIVE?
If the bacteria is PINK to RED after being stained
31
How do you determine if a bacteria is GRAM POSITIVE?
If the bacteria is dark bluish-black
32
Why is determining the gram reaction of a bacteria important?
It will help to determine the effectiveness of certain antibiotics and disinfectants
33
What are bacterial endospores?
Special types of spores produced by bacterial cells
34
What are vegetative cells?
Bacterial cells that don’t contain endospores
35
What is sporulation?
The formation of endospores
36
When does sporulation occur?
When certain nutrients are depleted
37
List the steps of the process of sporulation.
1. Copy genetic material and tiny amount of cytoplasm is enclosed by a layer of insulating material 2. Structure is then covered with compact layers of spore coat 3. “Viable” endospores germinate into vegetative cells
38
What determines a viable endospores?
When moisture and nutrients are available.
39
What are the characteristics of endospores?
- can remain dormant - resistant to heat - More resistant to disinfectants - very resistant to the cold - resistant to UV light, acids: alkalis and detergents
40
How do bacteria reproduce?
Process of binary fission
41
What is the germination time?
The time it takes for the population to double
42
What’s the average gen time for rapid growing bacteria?
15-30 minutes
43
Generation time relates to the rate at which bacteria cause disease. (T/F)
True
44
What is a colony?
Mass of visible bacteria | *descendants of a single bacterial cell
45
What are the 4 growth phases for bacteria?
1. Lag 2. Log 3. Stationary 4. Death (decline)
46
Which phases defines the growth curve?
1-3
47
What is occurring in the lag phase?
When cells are placed in a new environment and takes time for the cells to adapt. *little to no increase in # of cells
48
What is occurring at the log phase?
Period of MAXIMUM growth | *cells dividing at a constant rate
49
What is occurring at stationary phase?
When nutrient supply depletes and cells stop dividing
50
What also occurs to cause the stationary phase?
When the waste of the bacteria cells become too much
51
Key importance in stationary phase in regards to # of cells?
The number of live bacteria stay constant
52
What is occurring in the death phase?
Cells start to die and the ones that survive the longest are the ones that form spores
53
In relation to infection, what is happening at the LAG phase?
Incubation, no symptoms
54
In relation to infection, what is happening at the LOG phase?
Full-blown symptoms, Acute stage
55
What stage is crucial for the patients survival to have medical/or good immune defence at?
LOG phase
56
In relation to infection, what is happening at the STATIONARY phase?
Symptoms not worse but no sign of recovery
57
In relation to infection, what is happening at the DEATH phase?
Symptoms subside
58
What does convalescence mean?
Time needed to completely recover
59
What are the key characteristics of viruses?
- need to have a host cell in order to reproduce - either have DNA or RNA, not both - some viruses have envelopes that are made of lipids, some have spikes from the lipid envelope
60
Lipid viruses are harder to inactive with disinfectants. (T/F)
False
61
What surrounds the nucleic acid in viruses?
Protein coats
62
What are the four steps to virus multiplication?
1. Virus attached to complementary receptor sites 2. Virus is taken in by endocytosis 3. Cell digest the protein coat which releases the nucleic acid 4. Viral nucleic acid synthesis proteins which joins DNA in the nucleus and moves out of the cell
63
What are the effects of the virus to a host cell?
- lysis of cell - diversion of the cells metabolic pathways - sometimes the host will destroy the cell that has the virus, but the cell might be crucial - some viruses can alter the DNA of host cells to turn them into tumour cells
64
What are oncogenic viruses?
The ones that alter the DNA of host cells to turn them into malignant cells

INFC 215 (6 decks)

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