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INFC 215 > Mod 2 > Flashcards

Mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does normal flora protect us?

A

By taking up space so pathogens are less able to adhere to the surface

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2
Q

Internal surfaces of the body are sterile. (T/F)

A

True

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3
Q

What are the internal surfaces that are sterile?

A

Tissues, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal pericardial and other fluids

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4
Q

What Is considered normal flora?

A

Microorganisms that are permanent residences and don’t produce disease under normal circumstances

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5
Q

What part of the body has the greatest normal flor ppn?

A

The large intestine

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6
Q

What are the two factors that can alter normal flora?

A

1) excess moisture on skin

2) antibiotic use

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7
Q

What is the definition of contamination?

A

When the microorganisms are introduced to an area where they’re not expected
**there’s no growth

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8
Q

What is colonization?

A

Contamination and growth but there’s no damage to the host

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9
Q

Infection and disease means?

A

Colonization that causes damage

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10
Q

What’s the key difference between infection and disease?

A

Disease is when the host is infected and host injury is evident

Infection is the invasion but no sign of host injury

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11
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing organism

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12
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity

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13
Q

What are some virulence factors?

A
  • capsules, slimy coatings (prevents phagocytic wbc)
  • substances that destroy wbc and rbc
  • enzymes that dissolve tissue cement, collagen and fibrin clots
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14
Q

What are low-grade pathogens?

A

They are opportunistic; typically non-pathogenic but may cause disease when hosts defences are lowered

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15
Q

What are toxins?

A

Substances that cause damage to far-removed sites from the initial infection

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16
Q

What are the two types of toxins?

A

Exotoxins and endotoxins

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of exotoxins?

A
  • mainly produced by gran positive bacteria
  • released from intact bacterial cells
  • carried from infection by blood
  • attack a specific target tissue
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of endotoxins?

A
  • produced by gram negative bacteria
  • located in the cell wall therefore released when bacterial cells are disrupted
  • generalize attack
  • maybe responsible for fever, general malaise/aches (can have life threatening effects
  • use of antibiotics can cause complications (this is due to the bacterial cell being destroyed therefore suddenly releasing endotoxins = shock)
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19
Q

What are the three elements that are required for transmission of infections?

A
  1. Reservoirs
  2. Means of transmission for microbes
  3. Susceptible host
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20
Q

What are the three kinds of reservoirs?

A

Humans, animals and non living things

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21
Q

What are non living reservoirs called?

A

Fomite

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22
Q

What is the definition of carrier?

A

It is a person that has the pathogenic organism but don’t have signs of infextion

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23
Q

What is zoonoses?

A

Diseases that are primarily found in animals but can be transmitted to humans

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24
Q

What are convalescent carriers?

A

Those who recovered from the disease but are carrying infectious organisms still

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25
Q

What is a chronic carrier?

A

Those still carrying the infectious organism SIX months later

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26
Q

What are the three principle routes of transmission?

A
  1. Contact
  2. Vehicle
  3. Vector
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27
Q

What is a vehicle?

A

Agents such as food, water, air, blood/medication

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28
Q

What are droplet nuclei?

A

Tiny particles that contain microorganism and remain in the air for a long period and float great distances

29
Q

What are some ways microbes gain entry to the body?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, placenta and parenteral route

30
Q

What is parenteral route?

A

Route that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract

31
Q

What is the medical term for fever?

A

Pyrexia

32
Q

What is considered a fever?

A

+1c above normal body tempt

33
Q

What is normal body temperature?

A

36.1c—37.8c

34
Q

What usually causes the core of the body to heat up?

A
  • constriction of the blood vessels
  • increased metabolic rate
  • shivering
35
Q

What causes the lymph nodes to swell?

A
  • Microbes from tissues getting trapped in the nodes and then multiplying
  • lymphocyte multiplication
36
Q

1 swollen lymph node = ?

A

Infected node

37
Q

Many swollen nodes = ?

A

Immune system is responding to microbes

38
Q

What are the 3 lymph node location close to the skin?

A

Cervical
Axillary (under the arm)
Inguinal

39
Q

What causes inflammation?

A

The release of histamines

40
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation?

A

HRPS

Heat, redness, pain, swelling

41
Q

What does histamine do?

A
  • causes vasodilation — increase blood flow to the site = heat and redness
  • increased permeability of blood vessels — fluid leaking from vessels to tissue = swelling and pain
42
Q

How does the body clear infecting microorganisms?

A
  • increased phagocytic wbc to the area
  • antigens presented to lymphocytes to activate antibody production
  • antibodies coat the bacteria so they bacteria could undergo phagocytosis
  • clotting elements move to injury site to surround and isolate the microbes
43
Q

What are purulent exudates?

A

Pus

44
Q

What is pus?

A

Phagocytic wbc that are killed in action

45
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Increase number of wbc in response to the body’s need for the cells

46
Q

What is acute disease?

A

Disease which symptoms develop fast and runs its course quickly

47
Q

What is chronic disease?

A

Disease where symptoms develop slowly and disease is slow to disappear

48
Q

What is latent disease?

A

Diseases where there is a period of inactivity before symptoms appear or between attacks

49
Q

What are localized infections?

A

Those that are confined to one area of the body

50
Q

What are focal infections?

A

Infection confined to a specific area but pathogens/toxins can migrate to other areas

51
Q

What are systemic infections?

A

Infections where its pathogen spreads to multiple organs/tissues (via blood, lymph)

52
Q

What is disseminated infection?

A

The same as systemic infections

53
Q

What does septicaemia mean?

A

Presence and multiplication of pathogens in the blood

54
Q

What does bacteraemia mean?

A

Presence but not multiplication of bacteria in the blood therefore = in transit

55
Q

What does viremia mean?

A

Presence but not multiplication of viruses in the blood = in transit

56
Q

What is toxaemia?

A

Presence of toxins in blood

57
Q

What’s the difference between exogenous and endogenous infections?

A
  • exo = outside the body microbes causing infection

- endo = within the body microbes causing infection

58
Q

What’s the difference between primary and secondary infection?

A 
Primary = infection in someone previously healthy
Secondary = infection, caused by another microorganism, that immediately follows a primary infection
59
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

A

Infections that are acquired during a stay at a hospital or health care facility (HAI)

60
Q

What are factors that contribute to nosocomial infections?

A
  • hospital microorganisms
  • immunodeficit/immunocompromised individuals
  • transmission
61
Q

What are most common nosocomial infections?

A
  • UTIs
  • surgical wound infections
  • pneumonia
62
Q

What are antibiotics?

A
  • substance that inhibits the growth/kills bacteria

- made from other microorganisms such as fungus

63
Q

What’s the difference between narrow spectrum and broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Narrow = effective against a small group of bacteria

Broad = effective against a large group of bacteria

64
Q

What is antibiotic susceptibility/sensitivity testing?

A

To test what antibiotics effects the bacteria in question

65
Q

How is antibiotic sensitivity tested?

A

Evenly spreading bacteria on a plate, putting paper soaked in difference antibiotics on the plate, seeing where the growth is inhibited

66
Q

What are super bugs?

A

Drug-resistant bacteria

67
Q

What are some examples of super bugs?

A
  • methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
  • Clostridium difficile
68
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of incidence, sources and spread of disease

69
Q

What is an epidemiologist?

A

Those who track and contain outbreaks of infections

INFC 215 (6 decks)

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