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INFC 215 > Mod 2 > Flashcards

Mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does normal flora protect us?

A

By taking up space so pathogens are less able to adhere to the surface

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2
Q

Internal surfaces of the body are sterile. (T/F)

A

True

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3
Q

What are the internal surfaces that are sterile?

A

Tissues, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal pericardial and other fluids

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4
Q

What Is considered normal flora?

A

Microorganisms that are permanent residences and don’t produce disease under normal circumstances

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5
Q

What part of the body has the greatest normal flor ppn?

A

The large intestine

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6
Q

What are the two factors that can alter normal flora?

A

1) excess moisture on skin

2) antibiotic use

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7
Q

What is the definition of contamination?

A

When the microorganisms are introduced to an area where they’re not expected
**there’s no growth

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8
Q

What is colonization?

A

Contamination and growth but there’s no damage to the host

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9
Q

Infection and disease means?

A

Colonization that causes damage

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10
Q

What’s the key difference between infection and disease?

A

Disease is when the host is infected and host injury is evident

Infection is the invasion but no sign of host injury

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11
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing organism

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12
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity

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13
Q

What are some virulence factors?

A
  • capsules, slimy coatings (prevents phagocytic wbc)
  • substances that destroy wbc and rbc
  • enzymes that dissolve tissue cement, collagen and fibrin clots
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14
Q

What are low-grade pathogens?

A

They are opportunistic; typically non-pathogenic but may cause disease when hosts defences are lowered

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15
Q

What are toxins?

A

Substances that cause damage to far-removed sites from the initial infection

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16
Q

What are the two types of toxins?

A

Exotoxins and endotoxins

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of exotoxins?

A
  • mainly produced by gran positive bacteria
  • released from intact bacterial cells
  • carried from infection by blood
  • attack a specific target tissue
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of endotoxins?

A
  • produced by gram negative bacteria
  • located in the cell wall therefore released when bacterial cells are disrupted
  • generalize attack
  • maybe responsible for fever, general malaise/aches (can have life threatening effects
  • use of antibiotics can cause complications (this is due to the bacterial cell being destroyed therefore suddenly releasing endotoxins = shock)
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19
Q

What are the three elements that are required for transmission of infections?

A
  1. Reservoirs
  2. Means of transmission for microbes
  3. Susceptible host
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20
Q

What are the three kinds of reservoirs?

A

Humans, animals and non living things

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21
Q

What are non living reservoirs called?

A

Fomite

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22
Q

What is the definition of carrier?

A

It is a person that has the pathogenic organism but don’t have signs of infextion

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23
Q

What is zoonoses?

A

Diseases that are primarily found in animals but can be transmitted to humans

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24
Q

What are convalescent carriers?

A

Those who recovered from the disease but are carrying infectious organisms still

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25
What is a chronic carrier?
Those still carrying the infectious organism SIX months later
26
What are the three principle routes of transmission?
1. Contact 2. Vehicle 3. Vector
27
What is a vehicle?
Agents such as food, water, air, blood/medication
28
What are droplet nuclei?
Tiny particles that contain microorganism and remain in the air for a long period and float great distances
29
What are some ways microbes gain entry to the body?
Skin, mucous membranes, placenta and parenteral route
30
What is parenteral route?
Route that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract
31
What is the medical term for fever?
Pyrexia
32
What is considered a fever?
+1c above normal body tempt
33
What is normal body temperature?
36.1c—37.8c
34
What usually causes the core of the body to heat up?
- constriction of the blood vessels - increased metabolic rate - shivering
35
What causes the lymph nodes to swell?
- Microbes from tissues getting trapped in the nodes and then multiplying - lymphocyte multiplication
36
1 swollen lymph node = ?
Infected node
37
Many swollen nodes = ?
Immune system is responding to microbes
38
What are the 3 lymph node location close to the skin?
Cervical Axillary (under the arm) Inguinal
39
What causes inflammation?
The release of histamines
40
What are the 4 cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation?
HRPS | Heat, redness, pain, swelling
41
What does histamine do?
- causes vasodilation — increase blood flow to the site = heat and redness - increased permeability of blood vessels — fluid leaking from vessels to tissue = swelling and pain
42
How does the body clear infecting microorganisms?
- increased phagocytic wbc to the area - antigens presented to lymphocytes to activate antibody production - antibodies coat the bacteria so they bacteria could undergo phagocytosis - clotting elements move to injury site to surround and isolate the microbes
43
What are purulent exudates?
Pus
44
What is pus?
Phagocytic wbc that are killed in action
45
What is leukocytosis?
Increase number of wbc in response to the body’s need for the cells
46
What is acute disease?
Disease which symptoms develop fast and runs its course quickly
47
What is chronic disease?
Disease where symptoms develop slowly and disease is slow to disappear
48
What is latent disease?
Diseases where there is a period of inactivity before symptoms appear or between attacks
49
What are localized infections?
Those that are confined to one area of the body
50
What are focal infections?
Infection confined to a specific area but pathogens/toxins can migrate to other areas
51
What are systemic infections?
Infections where its pathogen spreads to multiple organs/tissues (via blood, lymph)
52
What is disseminated infection?
The same as systemic infections
53
What does septicaemia mean?
Presence and multiplication of pathogens in the blood
54
What does bacteraemia mean?
Presence but not multiplication of bacteria in the blood therefore = in transit
55
What does viremia mean?
Presence but not multiplication of viruses in the blood = in transit
56
What is toxaemia?
Presence of toxins in blood
57
What’s the difference between exogenous and endogenous infections?
- exo = outside the body microbes causing infection | - endo = within the body microbes causing infection
58
What’s the difference between primary and secondary infection?
``` Primary = infection in someone previously healthy Secondary = infection, caused by another microorganism, that immediately follows a primary infection ```
59
What are nosocomial infections?
Infections that are acquired during a stay at a hospital or health care facility (HAI)
60
What are factors that contribute to nosocomial infections?
- hospital microorganisms - immunodeficit/immunocompromised individuals - transmission
61
What are most common nosocomial infections?
- UTIs - surgical wound infections - pneumonia
62
What are antibiotics?
- substance that inhibits the growth/kills bacteria | - made from other microorganisms such as fungus
63
What’s the difference between narrow spectrum and broad spectrum antibiotics?
Narrow = effective against a small group of bacteria Broad = effective against a large group of bacteria
64
What is antibiotic susceptibility/sensitivity testing?
To test what antibiotics effects the bacteria in question
65
How is antibiotic sensitivity tested?
Evenly spreading bacteria on a plate, putting paper soaked in difference antibiotics on the plate, seeing where the growth is inhibited
66
What are super bugs?
Drug-resistant bacteria
67
What are some examples of super bugs?
- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) - Clostridium difficile
68
What is epidemiology?
Study of incidence, sources and spread of disease
69
What is an epidemiologist?
Those who track and contain outbreaks of infections

INFC 215 (6 decks)

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