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PSY 4152 > MOD 2: Stress and Physical Health > Flashcards

MOD 2: Stress and Physical Health Flashcards

1
Q

Stress response is adaptive for – – crises but maladaptive if – —

A

short term, chronically activated

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2
Q

Stress-related disease emerges because we so often activate the

A

physiological system that has evolved for
responding to acute physical emergencies, and turn it
on for months on end, worrying about mortgages,
relationships, and promotions.

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3
Q

The Biological Stress Response (Sapolsky video) categories

A
  • mobilization of energy
  • increased cardiovascular
  • long term projects delayed
  • enhanced immune system
  • sharpening of cog, alter, pleasure
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4
Q

The Biological Stress Response (Sapolsky video)

Mobilization of Energy

A

Need energy to go to whatever muscles will save you – adrenaline goes to energy storage sites – dumps glucose into circulation

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5
Q

The Biological Stress Response (Sapolsky video)

Cardiovascular tone

A

Heart speeds up to deliver glucose to muscles more quickly

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6
Q

The Biological Stress Response (Sapolsky video)

Long term projects delayed

A
  • digestion suppression
  • growth
  • reproduction
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7
Q

The Biological Stress Response (Sapolsky video)

Immune system

A

Need to perk up immune system to fight infection

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8
Q

Criticisms of Selye’s work

A
  • Contributed to confusion in field regarding whether “stress” is the stimulus or the response
  • funded by tobacco industry
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9
Q

multiple stages of the stress model

A

understanding the processes through which environmental adversities influence disease processes.

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10
Q

three traditions of studying stress

A

epidemiologic
psychological
biological

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11
Q
  1. The epidemiologic tradition
A

Assesses life events in term of their objective levels of stress as
judged by other people (divorce, death)
- based off objective qualities not subjective

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12
Q
  1. The psychological tradition
A
  • Assesses individuals’ perceptions regarding whether something (such as their work) or life in general is stressful
  • Appraising event as threatening/harmful and coping resources as inadequate
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13
Q
  1. Biological tradition
A

Assesses impact of stress on physiological systems such as autonomic and neuroendocrine responses

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14
Q

integrated model of the 3 traditions

A 
Stressful Event (Epidemiologic) -> 
Perceived Stress (Psy) -> 
negative emotional response -> or -> 
- poor health decision 
- activation of SAM and HPA  --> both lead to 
disease related (biological) -> 
increased risk of disease

feedback loop from psy back to epi
- if more depressed you might see things as more stressful

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15
Q

To describe how research on the biological stress response fits with other ways of measuring stress
integrated model

A

• Stressor exposure can lead to perceived stress
• This psychological stress response can lead to poor health
behaviors and biological stress response
• These can lead to disease related physiological changes
• These physiological changes can increase risk of disease

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16
Q

Flu vaccines – likely to be effective for those who are stressed

A

less
41% effective if stressed
59% effective if not stressed

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17
Q

what type of stress increased risk of getting a cold

A

Chronic (but not acute) stress increased risk of getting a cold
- 40% got cold overall

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18
Q

Those with – work-related stress were most likely

to get a cold

A

chronic

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19
Q

Work stress is correlated with reporting more

A

physical health symptoms

- organizational constraints largest

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20
Q

wounds took % longer to heal prior to exam than during summer vacation

A

40

21
Q

is stress associated with slower or faster wound healing

A

slower

22
Q

vaccinations
common cold
wound healing

A
  • less effective if stressed
  • get cold if chronic work stress
  • wounds take longer to heal
23
Q

can psy stress cause cancer

A

no

24
Q 
Job strain (high demand/low control job) is -- to be an 
important risk factor for colorectal, lung, prostate, or breast cancer.
A

unlikely

25
Q

risk of death due to CVD twice as high in individuals with high

A

job strain

26
Q

do traumatic events increase or decrease risk of CVD

A

increase

  • Parents who lost a child had higher risk of fatal heart attack
  • death from SIDs 5.6 times higher
27
Q

the big 4 cause 75% of chronic disease

A

food, tobacco, physical inactivity, stress

28
Q

33% of incidence (PAR) of heart attack due to

A

psychosocial factors (worldwide)

29
Q

51% of incidence (PAR) of heart attack due

to psychosocial factors in

A

north america

30
Q
  • factors (including stress) are as or more important than other rick factors such as high blood pressure and lack of exercise in predicting CVD, especially in North America
A

psychosocial

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT an effect of
stress on health?
a. Slower wound healing
b. Increased risk of cancer
c. Lower effectiveness of vaccines
d. Increased likelihood of getting a cold
e. They are all affected by stress

A

increased risk of cancer

32
Q

Article says that obesity rates have been

APA stress in america says that stress has been

A

increasing

decreasing

33
Q

meta analysis found a large correlation between stress and obesity but in reality

A

the correlation on .014, there is a very small relationship between the two

•Virtually zero (r = .01)

34
Q

– stressors similar to the fight-or-flight situations
faced by humans’ evolutionary ancestors elicited
potentially beneficial changes in the immune system

A

acute

35
Q

the more – the stressor the more
components of the immune system were affected in a
potentially detrimental way

A

chronic

36
Q

Allostasis

A

• process of adaptation to acute stress
• involves the output of stress hormones that act to
restore homeostasis (stability) in the face of a
challenge

37
Q

Allostatic load

A

• price the body pays for being forced to continually

adapt to adverse psychosocial or physical situations

38
Q

How allostatic load is measured

A 
Composite index of indicators of cumulative 
strain on several physiological systems
- cardiovascular system 
- HPA 
- metabolic 
- sympathetic nervous system
39
Q

Childhood Stress and Susceptibility to Chronic

Disease

A

childhood chronic stress related to increase of disease
- individuals who experienced early adversity
are as much as twice as likely to develop
cardiovascular disease, autoimmune
disorders, and to die prematurely

40
Q

Model of biological and psychological processes
linking early adversity to later disease
#1: Economic disadvantage and maltreatment
are chronic stressors for kids

A

Economic disadvantage and parental maltreatment often share common features
•Less responsive parenting, harsh discipline, exposure to violence, limited access to resources

41
Q

Model of biological and psychological processes
linking early adversity to later disease
#2: Chronic stress in childhood programs a
proinflammatory pattern

A
  • stress gets embedded in the operating tendencies of the cells that regulate inflammation
  • Adults who were maltreated in childhood show higher levels of various markers of chronic inflammation
42
Q

Model of biological and psychological processes
linking early adversity to later disease
#3: Childhood stress gets embedded through
epigenetic alterations to DNA, posttranslational
modification of proteins, and tissue remodeling

A
  • Epigenetics: changes in the activity of a gene without changes to DNA sequence
    • Posttranslational modification of proteins: chemical
    alterations to protein molecules after they have been
    synthesized
    • Tissue remodeling: exposures during sensitive periods of
    development can trigger a local restructuring of tissues
43
Q

Model of biological and psychological processes
linking early adversity to later disease
#4: Chronic stress leads to behaviors that
perpetuate and accentuate inflammation - 1

A

•Early stress fosters vigilance for threat, mistrust of
others, relationship conflict
•This occurs because stress molds the corticolimbic
circuits that process threat

44
Q

Model of biological and psychological processes
linking early adversity to later disease
#5: Chronic stress leads to behaviors that
accentuate inflammation - 2

A

•Early stress also associated with impulsivity,
discounting the future, and engaging in unhealthy
behaviors
•This occurs because stress molds the corticostriatal
pathways that support self-regulation

45
Q

ACEs and health behaviors

A

drinking and smoking

obesity not a large relationship

46
Q

Model of biological and psychological processes
linking early adversity to later disease
#6: Chronic stress creates hormone responses that
increase inflammation

A
  • Evidence: Adults raised in low-SES families show greater daily cortisol output
  • Prolonged exposure to cortisol can facilitate inflammatory responding
47
Q

Model of biological and psychological processes
linking early adversity to later disease
#7: Inflammation contributes to chronic diseases of
aging including…

A 
•Development of components of the metabolic 
syndrome 
•Atherosclerosis
•Growth and spread of some tumors
•“Frailty syndrome”
48
Q

Model of biological and psychological processes
linking early adversity to later disease
Summary of model

A
  • Childhood stress gets programmed into immune system cells
  • These cells develop proinflammatory tendencies
  • These tendencies are made worse by behaviors (e.g., vigilance) and hormonal dysregulation (e.g., cortisol output) which also result from childhood stress
  • Resulting inflammation contributes to mechanisms that foster chronic disease

PSY 4152 (6 decks)

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