MOD 2: Diversity Flashcards
men or women are more likely to report more stress
women
men and women % of healthy stress report
40% men
29% women
Women or men are more likely to report every stress symptom
women
married or unmarried women are more likely to report high stress
married
why are married women more likley to report stress
- 71% of women with kids under 18 work outside the home
- second shift at home
Married female professors with kids work a– – at home, esp.
during 30’s
second shift
On average, 54% of – do all or most of the household
work compared to 22% of –.
women, men
Women with a partner and children are 5.5 times more likely than their male counterparts to do
all or most of the household work
Women who bring in
are 3.5 times more likely to do all or most of the household
work than men in the same situation.
more than half of their family income
—– have significantly lower aspirations to be top executives than men with the same family structure.
Women with partners and children
Gendered Caregiving
Mothers reported more caregiving activities than did fathers and spent more time doing them
Gendered caregiving what types did the mom and dad do
- Moms and Dads did different kinds of caregiving; Moms report more stress during caregiving
- Dad: recreational and weekend activities
- mom: infant and solo parenting
What is discrimination?
Treatment of an individual or group based on their actual or perceived membership in a certain group or social category in a way that is worse than how people are usually treated
APA Stress in America rate of major discrimination amongst who
American Indians
APA stress police discrimination common among who
black men
Individuals who report experiencing discrimination also report less or more stress
more
- 1 hispanic
- 5 black
- 4 white
Large representative study
- Prevalence of perceived racial discrimination highest among
black and native americans
- greatest risk of developing mental health disorders
Racial discrimination associated with greater risk of developing -
mental health diagnoses
- PTSD 4.27
Discrimination and Aging
- Short telomeres associated with premature aging
- 93% reported experiencing discrimination
Discrimination and Aging
- Short telomeres associated with premature aging
- 93% reported experiencing discrimination
- with highest levels of discrimination and high anti-black bias had shortest telomeres (which is bad)
African American men
Discrimination and allostatic load
- discrimination and - social support associated with highest allostatic load
high, low
To describe the research on the relations between experiencing discrimination and mental and physical health
•Experiencing discrimination associated with greater risk of
mental and physical health problems
•Certain factors can “buffer” against the effects of
discrimination such as social support
racial microaggressions
Brief and commonplace daily verbal,
behavioral, and environmental indignities,
whether intentional or unintentional, that
communicate hostile, derogatory, or
negative [racial] slights and insults to the
target person or group
Three categories of microaggressions in their
model
- Microinsults
- Microinvalidations
- Microassaults
Microinsults
Rude, insensitive, demeaning behaviors/remarks about a person’s race, often done unconsciously
- assigning a degree of intelligence based off race
- lesser or second class citizen
- assumption of criminality
Microinvalidations
Comments/behaviors that exclude/negate thoughts/ feelings/reality of people of color, also often done unconsciously
- racial minorities are foreigners
- color blind
- minor role of race in life
- denial of own racism
Microassaults
Explicit racial derogations characterized by verbal or nonverbal attacks meant to hurt intended victim
- conscious and intended
- name call, avoid, purpose
Environmental microaggressions
something in a person’s environment that sends a message of invalidation of a marginalized group
- uni buildings named after white men
- underrepresented on TV
- liquor stores in community of color
Dilemmas posed by microaggressions
- class of racial realities (racism decline thot)
- invisibility of unintentional bias
- Perceived minimal harm of microaggressions
- Catch-22 of responding
APA Stress in America Survey discrimination
Majority of ethnic minorities report experiences of
everyday discrimination
- 81% NA
- 76% black
Microaggressions and well-being among Asian American students
- 78% of sample reported at least one microaggression over the 2 week period
- Microaggressions were reported on 18% of study days
Experiencing microaggressions associated with
lower physical and mental well-being
- Students who reported more microaggressions reported more negative moods, less positive moods, and more physical symptoms
- on days when students experienced microaggressions they reported more negative mood and somatic symptoms on that day AND the next day
Microaggression and health black HS students
- 97% reported at least one race-related microaggression
- average of 1-2 per day
- On days when students experienced microaggressions they
reported more depression on that day AND the next day
Problems with the definition and labeling of microaggressions, according to Lilienfeld
- Not clear what should “count”
- Two contradictory statements/behaviors can both be microaggressions
- Microaggressions are in the eye of the beholder
- What level of agreement among minority group members is needed to consider something a microaggression?
Problems with the label “microaggressions”
•Term implies that the actions are “aggressive”
•Aggression usually implies some intent to
harm
•But microaggressions are typically unintentional
•Labeling ambiguous statements as aggressive
may inadvertently foster aggression in
recipients
•He suggests term “inadvertent racial slights”
5 premises of microaggression research that
Lilienfeld concludes are unsupported
•1. Are operationalized with sufficient clarity and
consensus to afford rigorous scientific investigation
•2. Reflect implicitly prejudicial and implicitly
aggressive motives
•3. Are interpreted negatively by most or all
minority group members
•4. Can be validly assessed using only respondents’
subjective reports
•5. Exert an adverse impact on recipients’ mental
health
Potential costs of microaggression training
•Some things we think will help, actually hurt
•Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
•Antiprejudice campaigns can backfire
•Can create reactance especially if they encourage
confrontation in a heavy-handed manner
•Microaggression training could lead minority
individuals to be hypervigilant to potential slights
•Efforts to encourage individuals to attend to
microaggressions could lead to falsely labeling
innocuous behaviors
•This could exacerbate racial tensions
Microaggression training could lead
minority individuals to be hypervigilant to potential slights, more tensions
