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PSY 4152 > MOD 2: Resilience and posttraumatic growth > Flashcards

MOD 2: Resilience and posttraumatic growth Flashcards

1
Q

Four ways resilience has been studied

A
  1. Ability to bounce back from stressors
  2. Competence despite adversity (child
    development literature)
  3. Minimal symptoms following a trauma
    (adult trauma literature)
  4. Multidimensional assessment of resilience
    (adult trauma literature)
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2
Q
  1. Resilience as ability to bounce
    back after stressors
    what % of students rate themselves as
    resilient (mean score above neutral)
A

70% (most)

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3
Q

People who say they are more resilient also report…
more what
less what

A 
more:
 • Optimism
• Social support
• Active coping
Less: 
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Perceived stress
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4
Q
  1. Resilience as competence despite
    adversity (child development
    literature) this is also called what
A

emergent resilience

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5
Q
  1. Resilience in child development research
A

•Good adaptation despite risk factors
•Also referred to as “emergent resilience”
•Higher scores on Y axis indicate lower
competence

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6
Q

UMN project competence: Assessment of Adversity

A

Acute and chronic life experiences that would be

stressful for most people

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7
Q

UMN project competence categories

A

• ACEs: Child abuse; household dysfunction (e.g.,
parental mental illness)
• Trauma: e.g., disasters; parental death
• Focused on “independent” events outside of kid’s
control vs. events of their own doing (getting
arrested)

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8
Q

UMN project competence defines it in terms of what

A

developmental tasks (not well-being)

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9
Q

UMN project competence definition

A

Accomplishments expected in a given culture in

historical context during different age periods

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10
Q

UMN competence domains

A 
• Social competence
- Younger: peer relations
- Older: peers, romantic relationships, parenting
• Mastery 
-Younger: Academic achievement
- Older: Work 
• Conduct
- Younger: Rule breaking
- Older: legal trouble
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11
Q

More people in – adversity group had adequate competence than – competence

A

high, low

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12
Q

Compared to kids in maladaptive group (high
adversity/low competence), resilient kids (high
adversity/adequate competence) had

A
  • Higher IQs
  • Lower stress reactivity (neuroticism)
  • Better parenting
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13
Q

T or F: Resilient kids were similar to competent kids (low adversity/adequate competence) in these resources: high IQ, lower stress reactivity and better parenting

A

t

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14
Q

What type of kid has similarly good parents

resilient, maladaptive, or competent

A

Competent and resilient kids had similarly

good parents, better than maladaptive kids

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15
Q

adequate resources for competence

If adequate resources are present, outcomes are -
high adversity and low resources =
high adversity and high/ave resources =

A

good even in the face of high adversity

  • not doing as well
  • doing ok
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16
Q

Resilient kids also had average or better

A
  • socioeconomic resources
  • openness to experience
  • drive for mastery
  • feelings of self-worth
  • conscientiousness
  • adult support outside the family
  • Last two important in turn-around cases
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17
Q

Matsen Ordinary Magic

A

These resources represent “fundamental adaptive systems that evolved biologically and culturally because they protect and promote development

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18
Q

how are most college students with high ACEs doing

A

Most college students with high ACEs are

“doing OK” or “thriving”

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19
Q

are students with more aces or less aces doing ok/thriving

A

fewer students with high ACEs are

doing OK or thriving than those with no/low ACEs

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20
Q

what % of students with no or low aces are thriving

what % of students with high aces are thriving

A

85%

63%

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21
Q

what % of UMN health student survey agreed they are resilient

A

70%

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22
Q

describe the prevalence of resilience

A

Most people rate themselves as being able to bounce back from stressors
In Project Competence, even among kids with a lot of adversity, more were competent than not

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23
Q

describe predictors of resilience Project Competence

A

• Basic cognitive, social, and
personal resources (lower
Neuroticism)
•Ordinary magic

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24
Q

adaptations evolved over time to enable us to be more resilient

A 
ordinary magic
• attachment system
• mastery motivation system
• cognitive systems associated with problem-solving and executive functions,
• religious/spiritual systems
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25
Q

Which is an example of research showing
emergent resilience?
•A. A study that found low rates of depression
following spousal loss
•B. A study that found low rates of PTSD in
kids with high number of ACEs
•C. A study that found that women who had
lost their spouses were resilient across many
life domains
•D. A study that found that many kids were
competent despite adversity

A

D. A study that found that many kids were

competent despite adversity

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26
Q
  1. Minimal symptoms following a trauma (adult trauma
    literature)
    how is it measured
A

measured as a lack of symptoms following a traumatic event

individual trajectory over time

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27
Q
  1. Minimal Impact Resilience in Adults is focused more on what symptoms
A

psychological: depression, ptsd, ect.

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28
Q

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following

potentially traumatic events

A

chronic, delayed, recovery, resilience

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29
Q

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following

potentially traumatic events: Chronic

A

depressed before as well as after 12%

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30
Q

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following

potentially traumatic events: Delayed

A

doing good before then symptoms gradually increase 10% `

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31
Q

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following

potentially traumatic events: Recovery

A

symptoms increase after but come down 23%

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32
Q

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following

potentially traumatic events: resilient

A

no symptoms before or after, you are doing ok 65%

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33
Q

Across studies what trajectory is most common

chronic, resilient, recovery, delayed

A

resilient 65%

34
Q

predictors of resilient trajectories

A
  • Coping flexibility
  • Perceived self-efficacy
  • Optimism
  • Lower neuroticism
35
Q

Study: depression following spousal loss

- what was the most common trajectory

A

resilient 66%

36
Q

Study: depression following spousal loss

- distinguishing feature

A

Neuroticism predicted being in the two groups

that started out with more depression

37
Q

Study: depression following spousal loss

  • distinguishing feature
  • neuroticism
A

increase they scored higher in depression prior

decrease they scored lower in depression prior

38
Q

if a person is less neurotic then what happens to their trajectory

A

they are more resilient trajectory

39
Q
  1. Multidimensional assessment of resilience following adult trauma
    - rates of resilience
A

vary across domains

19-66%

40
Q

in the multidimensional how many people are resilient in at least 1 domain and how many are resilient in all domains

A

80% in 1

8% in all

41
Q

Perceived – – and– – were best predictors of resilience following spousal bereavement

A

social support, social connectedness

42
Q

UMN ACE resilient

  • what % of students in high ace group were resilient in at least 1 domain
  • what % of students in high ace group were resilient in all domains
A

95%

34%

43
Q

what is the difference between minimal and multidimensional

A

minimal you look at the symptoms before and after

multidimensional you look at multiple domains

44
Q

describe the prevalence of resilience

  • adult trauma studies
  • newer studies
A

• In adult trauma studies, resilience – defined
as few symptoms post trauma – is most
common pattern
- average prevalence = 65%
• However, new studies suggest that few adults
are resilient across all domains following
trauma exposure

45
Q

describe predictors of

resilience in adult trauma studies

A
  • Lower neuroticism
  • Optimism
  • Good coping skills
  • More social resources
46
Q

Post traumatic growth

A

positive life changes following trauma

47
Q

what types of PTG are there

A 
Veridical transformative life changes
(vs. coping mechanism)
Requires “seismic” event
- May require shattering of fundamental schemas and 
subsequent rebuilding
48
Q
    • does not involve an improvement from baseline

- – involves improvement from baseline

A

Resilience

PTG

49
Q

Research on PTG

A

has been increasing

  • in 2000 started to pickup
  • 2010 really increased
50
Q

what are the most common positive changes that people report in PTG

A
  • sense of self
  • relationships
  • spirituality
  • empathy for others
51
Q

what % of people report some positive life change as a result of a trauma

A

74% noted at least 1 benefit (most people)

52
Q

what was the most common benefit from PTG

A

new found ability to help others

53
Q

PTG rape study

% reported that the rape had caused positive changes in their lives (at 3 days post rape)

A

57%

- most common: cautious and alert, appreciate life

54
Q

Cancer patients report what amounts of PTG

A

small to moderate

53%

55
Q

does PTGI asses increased compassion

A

no

56
Q

Research also shows increased helping behavior after 9/11

A

35-62% of people (mostly students not directly exposed) reported various helping behaviors (donating blood, giving $ to help victims)

57
Q

helping behavior after earthquake

- how many had increase and how many had decrease

A

35% for both

58
Q

T or F: Students with a recent PTE reported less recent

helping behavior than those without a recent PTE

A

F: Students with a recent PTE reported more recent

helping behavior than those without a recent PTE

59
Q
  • Positive life changes resulting from traumatic life events
  • Sense of self, relationships, life philosophy, empathy
  • Prosocial behavior
A

PTG

60
Q

describe prevalence of post-traumatic growth (PTG)

A 
Most people (> 50%) report some positive life changes 
following traumatic events
61
Q

Frazier et al. perceived and actual PTG

- the correlations between the two

A

correlations between PTG and actual growth were small

.2

62
Q

Frazer et al. found that the correlations between how much you say you changed and how much you actually changed were

A

small .2

63
Q

Frazier et al. replications of perceived vs. actual change in PTG

A

other studies have also found very small correlations
- .01
-.22
.09

64
Q

completing the PTGI requires people to

A
  • evaluate current rela
  • recall
  • asses change
  • determine change due to specific event
65
Q

are people good at assessing change

A

no, Correlation between actual change and perceived change is small in other research areas
personality .22
rela quality .20
symptoms .30

66
Q

Frazier et al.

  • Students who reported more perceived growth (PTGI) at T2 – in distress from pre- to post-trauma
  • Those who “actually” grew from T1 to T2 – in distress from pre- to post-trauma
A

increased, decreased

67
Q

Fraizer et al

  • when PTG increased then did distress increase or decrease for perceived growth
  • when PTG increased then did distress increase or decrease from people that actually grew
A

increased, decreased

68
Q

Perceived and actual growth have different relations with positive reappraisal coping

A

actual growth is not related to positive reappraisal growth

69
Q

UMN health study did people grow

A

25% reported a “reliable” increase in life satisfaction from pre to post-trauma

70
Q

Negative events did or did not produce more positive life change than positive events.
Mangelsdorf et al. (2019) meta-analysis

A

did not

71
Q

Individuals who experienced negative events did or did not have more positive change than comparison groups
Mangelsdorf et al. (2019) meta-analysis

A

did not

72
Q

PTG is reported soon after traumatic events

A

almost 5 positive life changes 2 weeks post-assault
- Percentage of sample with moderate-to high PTG was
slightly higher sooner post-event

73
Q

When given the option, sexual assault survivors

reported

A

positive, negative, and no life changes

74
Q

Participants reported – growth on SRGS-R than on PTGI

A

less

  • SRGS 17%
  • PTGI 71%
75
Q

Does focusing on PTG create an expectation that trauma should lead to positive transformation?

A
  • felt guilty for not having experience
76
Q

Most common response to question about finding

benefits from the loss was that there was

A

no benefit (22%)

77
Q

Most common response to question about finding

benefits from the loss was that there was

A

no benefit (22%)

78
Q

Do self-report PTG measures assess actual posttraumatic change?
Correlations between perceived and actual
change are

A

low
- PTGI does not seem to measure actual
change

79
Q

Do self-report PTG measures assess actual
posttraumatic change?
People do or do not grow after negative events in some
domains (e.g., relationships) but also grow
after positive events and even after no events

A

do grow

80
Q

Does focusing on PTG ignore negative life changes?

A

• When given the chance, people report negative or
no changes
• Allowing these responses seems to result in less
“illusory growth”

PSY 4152 (6 decks)

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