MOD 2: Resilience and posttraumatic growth Flashcards
Four ways resilience has been studied
- Ability to bounce back from stressors
- Competence despite adversity (child
development literature) - Minimal symptoms following a trauma
(adult trauma literature) - Multidimensional assessment of resilience
(adult trauma literature)
- Resilience as ability to bounce
back after stressors
what % of students rate themselves as
resilient (mean score above neutral)
70% (most)
People who say they are more resilient also report…
more what
less what
more: • Optimism • Social support • Active coping Less: • Anxiety • Depression • Perceived stress
- Resilience as competence despite
adversity (child development
literature) this is also called what
emergent resilience
- Resilience in child development research
•Good adaptation despite risk factors
•Also referred to as “emergent resilience”
•Higher scores on Y axis indicate lower
competence
UMN project competence: Assessment of Adversity
Acute and chronic life experiences that would be
stressful for most people
UMN project competence categories
• ACEs: Child abuse; household dysfunction (e.g.,
parental mental illness)
• Trauma: e.g., disasters; parental death
• Focused on “independent” events outside of kid’s
control vs. events of their own doing (getting
arrested)
UMN project competence defines it in terms of what
developmental tasks (not well-being)
UMN project competence definition
Accomplishments expected in a given culture in
historical context during different age periods
UMN competence domains
• Social competence - Younger: peer relations - Older: peers, romantic relationships, parenting • Mastery -Younger: Academic achievement - Older: Work • Conduct - Younger: Rule breaking - Older: legal trouble
More people in – adversity group had adequate competence than – competence
high, low
Compared to kids in maladaptive group (high
adversity/low competence), resilient kids (high
adversity/adequate competence) had
- Higher IQs
- Lower stress reactivity (neuroticism)
- Better parenting
T or F: Resilient kids were similar to competent kids (low adversity/adequate competence) in these resources: high IQ, lower stress reactivity and better parenting
t
What type of kid has similarly good parents
resilient, maladaptive, or competent
Competent and resilient kids had similarly
good parents, better than maladaptive kids
adequate resources for competence
If adequate resources are present, outcomes are -
high adversity and low resources =
high adversity and high/ave resources =
good even in the face of high adversity
- not doing as well
- doing ok
Resilient kids also had average or better
- socioeconomic resources
- openness to experience
- drive for mastery
- feelings of self-worth
- conscientiousness
- adult support outside the family
- Last two important in turn-around cases
Matsen Ordinary Magic
These resources represent “fundamental adaptive systems that evolved biologically and culturally because they protect and promote development
how are most college students with high ACEs doing
Most college students with high ACEs are
“doing OK” or “thriving”
are students with more aces or less aces doing ok/thriving
fewer students with high ACEs are
doing OK or thriving than those with no/low ACEs
what % of students with no or low aces are thriving
what % of students with high aces are thriving
85%
63%
what % of UMN health student survey agreed they are resilient
70%
describe the prevalence of resilience
Most people rate themselves as being able to bounce back from stressors
In Project Competence, even among kids with a lot of adversity, more were competent than not
describe predictors of resilience Project Competence
• Basic cognitive, social, and
personal resources (lower
Neuroticism)
•Ordinary magic
adaptations evolved over time to enable us to be more resilient
ordinary magic • attachment system • mastery motivation system • cognitive systems associated with problem-solving and executive functions, • religious/spiritual systems
Which is an example of research showing
emergent resilience?
•A. A study that found low rates of depression
following spousal loss
•B. A study that found low rates of PTSD in
kids with high number of ACEs
•C. A study that found that women who had
lost their spouses were resilient across many
life domains
•D. A study that found that many kids were
competent despite adversity
D. A study that found that many kids were
competent despite adversity
- Minimal symptoms following a trauma (adult trauma
literature)
how is it measured
measured as a lack of symptoms following a traumatic event
individual trajectory over time
- Minimal Impact Resilience in Adults is focused more on what symptoms
psychological: depression, ptsd, ect.
Four typical trajectories of adjustment following
potentially traumatic events
chronic, delayed, recovery, resilience
Four typical trajectories of adjustment following
potentially traumatic events: Chronic
depressed before as well as after 12%
Four typical trajectories of adjustment following
potentially traumatic events: Delayed
doing good before then symptoms gradually increase 10% `
Four typical trajectories of adjustment following
potentially traumatic events: Recovery
symptoms increase after but come down 23%
Four typical trajectories of adjustment following
potentially traumatic events: resilient
no symptoms before or after, you are doing ok 65%
Across studies what trajectory is most common
chronic, resilient, recovery, delayed
resilient 65%
predictors of resilient trajectories
- Coping flexibility
- Perceived self-efficacy
- Optimism
- Lower neuroticism
Study: depression following spousal loss
- what was the most common trajectory
resilient 66%
Study: depression following spousal loss
- distinguishing feature
Neuroticism predicted being in the two groups
that started out with more depression
Study: depression following spousal loss
- distinguishing feature
- neuroticism
increase they scored higher in depression prior
decrease they scored lower in depression prior
if a person is less neurotic then what happens to their trajectory
they are more resilient trajectory
- Multidimensional assessment of resilience following adult trauma
- rates of resilience
vary across domains
19-66%
in the multidimensional how many people are resilient in at least 1 domain and how many are resilient in all domains
80% in 1
8% in all
Perceived – – and– – were best predictors of resilience following spousal bereavement
social support, social connectedness
UMN ACE resilient
- what % of students in high ace group were resilient in at least 1 domain
- what % of students in high ace group were resilient in all domains
95%
34%
what is the difference between minimal and multidimensional
minimal you look at the symptoms before and after
multidimensional you look at multiple domains
describe the prevalence of resilience
- adult trauma studies
- newer studies
• In adult trauma studies, resilience – defined
as few symptoms post trauma – is most
common pattern
- average prevalence = 65%
• However, new studies suggest that few adults
are resilient across all domains following
trauma exposure
describe predictors of
resilience in adult trauma studies
- Lower neuroticism
- Optimism
- Good coping skills
- More social resources
Post traumatic growth
positive life changes following trauma
what types of PTG are there
Veridical transformative life changes (vs. coping mechanism) Requires “seismic” event - May require shattering of fundamental schemas and subsequent rebuilding
- does not involve an improvement from baseline
- – involves improvement from baseline
Resilience
PTG
Research on PTG
has been increasing
- in 2000 started to pickup
- 2010 really increased
what are the most common positive changes that people report in PTG
- sense of self
- relationships
- spirituality
- empathy for others
what % of people report some positive life change as a result of a trauma
74% noted at least 1 benefit (most people)
what was the most common benefit from PTG
new found ability to help others
PTG rape study
% reported that the rape had caused positive changes in their lives (at 3 days post rape)
57%
- most common: cautious and alert, appreciate life
Cancer patients report what amounts of PTG
small to moderate
53%
does PTGI asses increased compassion
no
Research also shows increased helping behavior after 9/11
35-62% of people (mostly students not directly exposed) reported various helping behaviors (donating blood, giving $ to help victims)
helping behavior after earthquake
- how many had increase and how many had decrease
35% for both
T or F: Students with a recent PTE reported less recent
helping behavior than those without a recent PTE
F: Students with a recent PTE reported more recent
helping behavior than those without a recent PTE
- Positive life changes resulting from traumatic life events
- Sense of self, relationships, life philosophy, empathy
- Prosocial behavior
PTG
describe prevalence of post-traumatic growth (PTG)
Most people (> 50%) report some positive life changes following traumatic events
Frazier et al. perceived and actual PTG
- the correlations between the two
correlations between PTG and actual growth were small
.2
Frazer et al. found that the correlations between how much you say you changed and how much you actually changed were
small .2
Frazier et al. replications of perceived vs. actual change in PTG
other studies have also found very small correlations
- .01
-.22
.09
completing the PTGI requires people to
- evaluate current rela
- recall
- asses change
- determine change due to specific event
are people good at assessing change
no, Correlation between actual change and perceived change is small in other research areas
personality .22
rela quality .20
symptoms .30
Frazier et al.
- Students who reported more perceived growth (PTGI) at T2 – in distress from pre- to post-trauma
- Those who “actually” grew from T1 to T2 – in distress from pre- to post-trauma
increased, decreased
Fraizer et al
- when PTG increased then did distress increase or decrease for perceived growth
- when PTG increased then did distress increase or decrease from people that actually grew
increased, decreased
Perceived and actual growth have different relations with positive reappraisal coping
actual growth is not related to positive reappraisal growth
UMN health study did people grow
25% reported a “reliable” increase in life satisfaction from pre to post-trauma
Negative events did or did not produce more positive life change than positive events.
Mangelsdorf et al. (2019) meta-analysis
did not
Individuals who experienced negative events did or did not have more positive change than comparison groups
Mangelsdorf et al. (2019) meta-analysis
did not
PTG is reported soon after traumatic events
almost 5 positive life changes 2 weeks post-assault
- Percentage of sample with moderate-to high PTG was
slightly higher sooner post-event
When given the option, sexual assault survivors
reported
positive, negative, and no life changes
Participants reported – growth on SRGS-R than on PTGI
less
- SRGS 17%
- PTGI 71%
Does focusing on PTG create an expectation that trauma should lead to positive transformation?
- felt guilty for not having experience
Most common response to question about finding
benefits from the loss was that there was
no benefit (22%)
Most common response to question about finding
benefits from the loss was that there was
no benefit (22%)
Do self-report PTG measures assess actual posttraumatic change?
Correlations between perceived and actual
change are
low
- PTGI does not seem to measure actual
change
Do self-report PTG measures assess actual
posttraumatic change?
People do or do not grow after negative events in some
domains (e.g., relationships) but also grow
after positive events and even after no events
do grow
Does focusing on PTG ignore negative life changes?
• When given the chance, people report negative or
no changes
• Allowing these responses seems to result in less
“illusory growth”
