Mod 2: Interaction between Microbe and Host

Question 1

Normal Flora

Answer 1

NF= microbes living in/on body; cause no harm as long as they stay in expected site outer surfaces or areas exposed outside
NF same from person to person for a given site

Question 2

Normally Sterial Areas

Answer 2

inside the body: blood, CSF, tissue, fluids surround organs

Question 3

contamination means

Answer 3

unexpected mircobes at body site; do not grow no harm eg. mouth bacteria on hands

Question 4

colonization means

Answer 4

unexpected microbes a body site; do grow no harm initially…. may later eg. fecal bacteria colonized in upper resp tract: if go away ->end of story
if don’t go away -> may cause disease

Question 5

infection/disease means

Answer 5

• infection: host has pathogen; no symptoms

- disease: host has pathogen; has symptoms

Question 6

pathogen means

Answer 6

disease causing microbe

Question 7

etiology means

Answer 7

cause of the disease (HIV etiological agent of AIDS)

Question 8

virulence means

Answer 8

degree of pathogenicity of microbe; determined by virulence factors

Question 9

nonpathogen means

Answer 9

microbe that cannot cause disease (very few)

Question 10

lowgrade/opportunistic pathogen means

Answer 10

microbe that does not usually cause disease; only if defenses of host decrease

Question 11

toxins means

Answer 11

produced by some bacteria

Question 12

exotoxins means

Answer 12

G+ bacteria; released from intact bacteria; carried away from infection side; specific- attack target tissue

Question 13

endotoxins means

Answer 13

G- bacteria; part of cell wall; released when cell wall disrupted; carried away from infection side; nonspecific- effect more generalized can lead to destruction of organs and fatal shock

Question 14

reservoirs means

Answer 14

source

Question 15

humans reservoirs

Answer 15

with infections or carries; main reservoir for human infections

Question 16

more reservoirs

Answer 16

animals, nonliving (soil, h2o)

Question 17

carrier means

Answer 17

person who harbors pathogenic microbes but shows no signs of infection can pass microbes on to others

Question 18

covalescent carrier

Answer 18

person had disease; symptoms now gone; microbes still in body

Question 19

chronic carrier

Answer 19

6 months after symptoms gone; microbes still in body

Question 20

contact transmission

Answer 20

direct: reservoir -> host (person to person)

eg. touching

Question 21

indirect transmission

Answer 21

reservoir -> inanimate object (fomoite) to host

eg. touching surfaces that are contaminated

Question 22

droplet transmission

Answer 22

large globs of mucous that contains microorganisms

eg. colds, flus spit

Question 23

vehicle transmission

Answer 23

reservoir (air, food/h2o, blood) hosts (usually more than one)
eg. salmonella food poisoning

Question 24

droplet nuclei transmission

Answer 24

very small; travel long way- think of them as tiny particles that you see floating on the air currents

Question 25

injected solutions transmission

Answer 25

eg. hep c and AIDS from contaminated blood products used for transfusion in the past

Question 26

vector transmission

Answer 26

reservoir -> insect -> host | eg. malaria, west nile ect.

Question 27

factors of susceptibility to infections

Answer 27

age, general health, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery etc

Question 28

portals of entry of infectious microorganisms

Answer 28

skin, mucous membranes, placenta, parenteral (IV)

Question 29

fever

Answer 29

body temp increase, body defence (bacteria cannot multiply in temps greater then 38 and white blood cells are more active) infection causes heat generations

Question 30

lymph node swelling

Answer 30

traps microbes and becomes infected or causes lymphocytes in node to multiply (swelling)

Question 31

inflammation

Answer 31

HRPS ( heat, redness, pain, swelling) | pathogen gains entry into host -> tissue death ->histamine released

Question 32

acute disease

Answer 32

symptoms develop rapidly and disease runs its course quickly

Question 33

chronic disease

Answer 33

symptoms develop slowly and disease slow to disappear

Question 34

latent disease

Answer 34

periods of inactivity before symptoms appear or between attacks

Question 35

localized infections

Answer 35

confined to one area of the bod

Question 36

focal infection

Answer 36

confined to one area but pathogens or their toxins migrate to other areas

Question 37

systemic infection

Answer 37

pathogen spreads (disseminates) to multiple organs or tissues

Question 38

septicemia

Answer 38

pathogens (bacteria or viruses) present and multiplying in blood

Question 39

bactermia

Answer 39

bacteria present in blood but not multiplying

Question 40

viremia

Answer 40

viruses present in blood but not multiplying

Question 41

toxemia

Answer 41

toxins in blood

Question 42

exogenous infections

Answer 42

microbes come from outside the host

Question 43

endogenous infections

Answer 43

microbes come from within the hosts own body

Question 44

primary infection

Answer 44

infection of a previously healthy person

Question 45

secondary infection

Answer 45

follows a primary infection; caused by a different microbe

Question 46

nosocomial infections

Answer 46

result from a stay in a hospital or institution top 3: 1) UTIs 2) surgical wounds 3) pneumonia

Question 47

antibiotics

Answer 47

substance produed by a microorganism (often a fungus) that inhibits the growth of or kills another microorganism (bacteria)

Question 48

antibiotic testing

Answer 48

done in a lab determine which antibiotics work (susceptible= sensitive and resistant= insensitive)

Question 49

super bugs

Answer 49

resistant to many antibiotics; infection not necessarily worse just harder to treat

Question 50

why bacteria develop resistance

Answer 50

naturally resistant, develop enzymes, mutation, conjugation