mod 11

Question 1

Antifungal agents

Answer 1

• few in number
• selective toxicity difficult bc fungi are eukaryotes (like humans)
• resistance occurs

Question 2

what do fungi cell membranes have that humans don’t

Answer 2

-ergosterol lipid - humans have cholesterol

Question 3

2 major types of antifungals

Answer 3

• azoles
• polyenes

Question 4

azoles (imidazoles)

Answer 4

• ingibits cell memebrane synthesis
• small molecule that is easily absorbed
• fluconzale used to traet candita (not for preg)

Question 5

topical preperation for azoles

Answer 5

• topical preparation used often (lotrim and monistat)

Question 6

azole used to treat candita

Answer 6

• fluconzale used to traet candita (not for preg)

Question 7

azole for serious infections

Answer 7

ketoconzole

topical or oral

teratogen (polydactyl and syndactlyl), hepatic toxicity, can block steriod levels

Question 8

2 types polyenes

Answer 8

• amphotericin B and nystatin (Myostatin)

Question 9

what do polyenes do

Answer 9

binds and inhibit cell membrane (bind to ergosterol)… selective toxicity

Question 10

amphotericin
how given, safe for preg?

Answer 10

topically or iv
ctaagory b, safe during preg

Question 11

nystatin
how given,, safe for preg?

Answer 11

topical only, cat a and safe in preg
treat candita in mouth and mucous membranes
treat athletes foot

Question 12

antivirals

Answer 12

• virual static not viralcidal
• hard to interfere w out killing host cell

Question 13

antivirals site of action

Answer 13

1. absorption (t-20 binds HIV gp41 site to “"”stop attachment””)
   2.penetration and uncoating (amantadine)
2. Viral DNA and RNA synth (aciclovr, nevirapine)
3. viral protien synth (interferons)
   5.assembly (protease inhibitors)
4. release (no therapy)

Question 14

Antiherpes viral inhib- Nucleoside inhib (3)

Answer 14

• aciclovir (for HSV and VSV), gangliclovr ( those and CMV), valaclivlor (genital herpres)
• inhibit DNA poly

Question 15

nucleoside inhibitors- site of action

Answer 15

• aciclovir is “prodrug”, which means it is not active until phosphoralyzed by viral enzyme
• once ctivated it becomes aciclovir triphospahte… and then inhibits viral dna poly being added to dna and then viral chain is terminated

Question 16

antiretroviral therapy

Answer 16

• for aids
• keep plasma HIV low, keep CD4 alive
• nucleoside and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• combines w antiretroviral drugs and called ART

Question 17

Antiinfluenza agents

Answer 17

• can target a only or a and b

Question 18

Anti influenza agents- Amantadine

Answer 18

• A only
• inhibits early viral replication
• can be given prophilactavly , also can be treatment

Question 19

Antiinfluenza- Zanamivir/oseltamivir

Answer 19

• A and B
  -trgets surface glycoprotiens
  -

Question 20

Antihepatitis agents

Answer 20

• ## aim to reduce liver cirrhosis and cancer by keeping HBV/HCV levels low

Question 21

resistance in antivirals?

Answer 21

not as common as antibiotics

Question 22

active vs passive immunization

Answer 22

active- involve B and T cells, create memory

passive- antiserum or ig therapy to treat or prevent infection, but offer no memory and only temporary immunity

Question 23

Aims of vaccination (individual and community)

Answer 23

• in individual reduce or prevnt symptoms of disease
• in communities prevent transmissiona nd eradicate preventable diseases

Question 24

Types of vaccination (6 plus 2 covid)

Answer 24

• live attenuated
• inactive whole
• inactive fractional
• inactive fractional subunit
• inactive fractional toxiod
• inactive fractional polysaccharide based/whole conjugate
  2 covid- mrna and viral vectored

Question 25

live attenuated

Answer 25

stilll live and can infect but uslaly has reduced replication, assembly or release usually stay w in injection site

Question 26

benefits and risks of live attenuated

Answer 26

benefit- creates full immune resp and memory, ab and cellualr immunity, most potent usually doenst need boosters risks- risk of reversion, not for pregannt or immunocomprised ex. measles. can be IM, Sc or oral

Question 27

Inactive whole vax

Answer 27

microorganism killed usually w heat so it cant replicate body still makes anti pathogen ab ex polio and hep a

Question 28

inactivated fractional

Answer 28

vax has specific protien antigens ex influenza

Question 29

inactivated fractional- toxoid

Answer 29

treated exotoxin = toxoid ex tetanus and diptehria

Question 30

inctivted ffctionl- polyscaccaride

Answer 30

from ouyercaoting of bacteria not that strong\ ex salmonella toxi

Question 31

inactive vaccine pro and con

Answer 31

pro- no cahnce of mutation, less adverse reaction con- weaker, only ab mediated rep, usually needs conjugate (booster)

Question 32

adjuvants

Answer 32

factor for inactive vaccnine that increases immune response, ex; aluminum salts