Mod 1: Cell structure

Question 1

What are two main types of cells?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Question 2

What do all prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 2

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material

Question 3

What are other features of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

unicellular, no nucleus

Question 4

What are the two main groups of prokaryotes?

Answer 4

bacteria and archaea

Question 5

What do all eukaryotic cells have?

Answer 5

membrane-bound organelles, and nucleus

Question 6

What are other features of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 6

uni or multicellular, generally bigger than prokaryotes

Question 7

How do you calculate the total magnification?

Answer 7

multiply magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens

Question 8

Name the three different types of microscopes.

Answer 8

Light, electron, and fluorescence

Question 9

1mm = ?µm

Answer 9

1000µm

Question 10

1µm = ?nm

Answer 10

1000nm

Question 11

what must scale diagrams always have?

Answer 11

scale bar

Question 12

how do you calculate the scale bar?

Answer 12

actual size of measured length over the length of diagram

Question 13

function cell membrane

Answer 13

outermost barrier of the cell (selectively allows some substances to pass through it - semi-permeable)

Question 14

function protoplasm

Answer 14

the living content of a cell, that is surrounded by the cell membrane.
it is composed of the cell nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 15

function cytoplasm

Answer 15

fluid material where activities of the cell occur

Question 16

function nucleus

Answer 16

the control and information centre - stores information needed to control all cell activities.
communicates with cytoplasm

Question 17

function endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 17

transports and processes proteins and lipids
when ER has ribosomes attached to it, it is considered rough ER

Question 17

function ribosomes

Answer 17

protein synthesis - the ‘machinery’ that carries out the genetically coded instructions of DNA to produce any proteins necessary for cell function and structure

Question 18

function golgi bodies

Answer 18

process, package, and sort cell products
adds proteins and carbohydrates to cell products and packages them in a membrane which also acts as a ‘packaging’ label.

also forms lysosomes

Question 19

function lysosomes

Answer 19

digestion and destruction -
(formed by the golgi body) breaks down worn out cells into simpler chemical compounds and recycles them to make new compounds and organelles.

they can also destroy the entire cell (aptosis): programmed cell death
- lysosome membrane ruptures and releases enzymes to entire cell, eventually killing the whole cell

Question 20

function mitochondria

Answer 20

cellular respiration - powerhouse of the cell
produces energy by the process of cellular respiration

Question 21

function vacuole

Answer 21

storage and support -
stores minerals (food) and when full, provides support for the cell to keep its structure

Question 22

function chloroplasts

Answer 22

photosynthesis -
provides plants with the green colour through chloroplasts
chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis

Question 23

function plant cell wall

Answer 23

shape and support

Question 24

function centrioles

Answer 24

spindle prod’nin cell division

Question 25

function cytoskeleton

Answer 25

keeps organelles in place

Question 26

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 26

the fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a lipid bilayer with the ability to flow and change shape. It is made up of phospholipids and proteins to help control the exchange of materials between the external and internal environments

Question 27

what makes up a phospholipid?

Answer 27

a phospholipid consists of a phosphate head and a lipid tail.
the phosphate head is hydrophilic, meaning it likes water
the lipid tail is hydrophobic, meaning it doesn’t like water

Question 28

what does cholesterol do to the membrane?

Answer 28

cholesterol is a type of that makes the membrane more flexible

Question 29

What are the membrane proteins?

Answer 29

• transport protein
• receptor protein
• recognition protein (glycoproteins)
• adhesion protein

Question 30

What do transport proteins do?

Answer 30

they act like passageways that allow specific substances to flow in and out of the cell, across the membrane

Question 31

What do receptor proteins do?

Answer 31

they cause the cells to respond to specific signals

Question 32

What do recognition proteins (glycoproteins) do?

Answer 32

they are antigens.
they recognise and identify other cells, and mark them as either foreign or self cell.
this ensure that the immune system only attacks foreign cells