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Physics GCSE > Mocks-waves > Flashcards

Mocks-waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Wave definition

A

A wave is produced by a disturbance, vibration,oscillation which transfers energy and information but not matter

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2
Q

wavelength

A

The distance between any 2 consecutive waves

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3
Q

distance

A

How far the wave has travelled from its starting point

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4
Q

Displacement

A

How far from the equilbrium point the wave has oscillated

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5
Q

maximum displacement

A

amplitude

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6
Q

amplitude

A

the distance from the rest/median/equilibrium/0 line to the crest or trough.

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7
Q

Amplitude indicates

A

loudness

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8
Q

Displacement time graph-oscillation is

A

the time period- the time it takes for one complete oscillation

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9
Q

Frequency =

A

1/time period

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10
Q

frequency definition

A

the number of complete waves that pass a point in a second

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11
Q

Time period=

A

1/frequency

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12
Q

Frequency determines

A

pitch

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13
Q

Transverse wave

A

-It is produced when the disturbance/vibration is perpendicular (90 degrees) to the direction of energy transfer (vibrations go up and down whilst the overall wave is going from left to right)

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14
Q

examples of transverSe waves

A
  • electromagneTic waves
  • secondary seismic waves (earthquakes)
  • ripples/waves
  • waves of strings
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15
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

-It is produced when the disturbance/vibration is parallel to the direction of energy/data transfer (the waves vibrate back and forth so they have compressions and rarefactions).

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16
Q

Examples of longitudinal waves

A
  • primary seismic waves

- sound waves

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17
Q

wavelength

A

The distance between any 2 consecutive waves

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18
Q

How to measure the wavelength on longitudinal waves

A
  • measure from one compression to the next compression or one rarefaction to the next rarefaction
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19
Q

Period

A

The time taken for one complete wave to pass a point

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20
Q

Are waves always reflected?

A

No

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21
Q

When a wave reaches a boundary, it will either

A
  • be absorbed by the material so the energy from the wave is transferrd to that material’s energy stores
  • the wave could be transmitted (where the wave enters the material but carries on travelling and passes out other side- often refraction)
  • reflection- wave never enters the material
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22
Q

What does the action of a wave depend on?

A
  • wavelength

- properties of two materials

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23
Q

Angle of incidence=

A

angle of reflection

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24
Q

normal

A

a dashed line that is perpendicular to the surface

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25
Q

Point of incidence

A

Where the incoming ray touches the boundary

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26
Q

Mirrors

A

boundary is flat - all normals are in same direction so all of the incoming light rays will be reflected in the same direction. This is called specular reflection. Gives us a clear image.

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27
Q

Paper

A

-Relatively rough surface. Boundary different. Normals will be different but incoming light rays the same. Light will be reflected in all different directions. Diffuse/scattered reflection. Normally can’t see ourselves.

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28
Q

Paper

A

-Relatively rough surface. Boundary different. Normals will be different but incoming light rays the same. Light will be reflected in all different directions. Diffuse/scattered reflection. Normally can’t see ourselves.

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29
Q

sound waves

A

vibrations that pass through the molecules of a medium

  • they are a type of longitudinal wave
  • they travel as a series of compressions and rarefactions
30
Q

compressions

A
  • regions where the vibrating particles are closest together
31
Q

rarefactions

A

-regions where the particles are furthest apart

32
Q

Sound waves travelling through a solid

A
  • sound waves cause particles in the solid to vibrate
  • these collide with neighbouring particles, transferring energy and in turn causing them to vibrate
  • this occurs throughout the whole solid- sound wave gets transmitted through the material
33
Q

Sound waves need

A

particles to travel.

34
Q

The more densely packed particles are, the

A

faster the sound travels (sound travels faster in solids than in liquids and gases)

35
Q

Why can sound not travel through a vacuum?

A

Because there are no vibrating particles in a vacuum

36
Q

As sound waves travel between different mediums and speed up and slow down, what does not change?

A

their frequency does not change

37
Q

If speed is increasing, (wavespeed = frequency x wavelength)

A

and the frequency remains the same, the wavelength must increase instead

38
Q

As sound speeds up, the wavelength

A

gets longer, which happens in high density mediums like solids.

39
Q

As the sound slows down, the wavelength will get

A

shorter, which happens in low density materials like air

40
Q

Sound changes speed from one medium to another so can be

A

refracted

41
Q

Sound changes speed from one medium to another so can be

A

refracted

42
Q

sound can be

A

reflected, refracted or absorbed. Hard, flat surfaces reflect the most sound, giving us echoes.

43
Q

compressions

A

regions of higher density

44
Q

rarefactions

A

regions of lower density

45
Q

sound waves are

A

vibrations of air molecules

46
Q

Compressions and rarefactions cause

A

changes in pressure, which vary in time with the wave.

47
Q

Sound is a type of

A

pressure wave

48
Q

Hearing range of humans

A
  • 20 Hz to 20000 Hz. Different people will have slightly different hearing ranges. Older- range of hearing will decrease.
49
Q

Why does your hearing range decrease as you get older?

A

Wear and tear of cochlea and auditory nerve.

50
Q

Sound wave pathway through the ear

A

The sound waves enter the ear canal. The vibrations cause the ear drums to vibrate which leads to the Malleus, Incus and Stapes to vibrate. Makes fluid in the cochlea vibrate. Makes hair cells vibrate and release neurotransmitters. Sends electrical signals to the brain via the auditory nerve.

51
Q

Ultrasound

A
  • sound waves above the human hearing range of 20000 Hz
52
Q

When meeting a boundary between two media,ultrasound may be:

A
  • Partially reflected
  • Partially transmitted
  • Partially absorbed
53
Q

The percentage that is reflected or transmitted depends on the

A
  • two media at the boundary:

- An air and glass boundary will have different percentages compared to an air and wall boundary

54
Q

The percentage of the wave reflected is greatest when

A

the difference in speed of sound between the media is large.
-For example, when sound in air hits a brick boundary, most of the sound is reflected because waves travel much faster in brick than in air

55
Q

Echo sounding

A

Echo sounding uses ultrasound to detect objects underwater
The sound wave is reflected off the ocean bottom
The time it takes for the sound wave to return is used to calculate the depth of the water
The distance the wave travels is twice the depth of the ocean
This is the distance to the ocean floor plus the distance for the wave to return

56
Q

compression

A

when the longitudinal waves are packed together

57
Q

rarefaction

A

when the waves are spread apart

58
Q

wavespeed

A

how fast the wave travels to transfer energy

59
Q

frequency

A

number of waves/time period

60
Q

Sounds above 20,000 Hz are inaudible which are known as ultrasound

A
  • prenatal scans
  • cleaning jewellery
  • submarines use it to see things around them (sonar)
  • dog whistles
61
Q

Sounds below 20Hz are inaudible and are known as

A

infrasound

62
Q

Why do not all humans hear from the normal hearing range?

A

Because over time our hearing will become damaged.

63
Q

Permanent hearing loss

A

When the hearing will remain damaged

64
Q

temporary hearing loss

A

short term hearing loss,when you are ill, on a plane

65
Q

What is an echo?

A

When sound hits hard objects we can hear echoes.An echo is when the sound bounces off hard objects.

66
Q

speed of sound

A

340 m/s

67
Q

Light

A
  • it is a transverse wave
  • these waves travel perpendicular to the direction of motion
  • speed of light waves - 3x 10^8 m/s
68
Q

Reflection

A
  • It is when light hits smooth and shiny objects
69
Q

reflection uses:

A
  • mirrors

- Hivis jackets

70
Q

angle of incidence=

A

angle of reflection

71
Q

Refraction

A
  • it is the bending of light when it changes optical density
  • when light goes from less dense to denser it bends towards the normal line
  • when light goes from denser to less dense it bends away from the normal line

Physics GCSE (11 decks)

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