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Physics GCSE > Mocks-waves > Flashcards

Mocks-waves Flashcards

1
Q

Wave definition

A

A wave is produced by a disturbance, vibration,oscillation which transfers energy and information but not matter

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2
Q

wavelength

A

The distance between any 2 consecutive waves

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3
Q

distance

A

How far the wave has travelled from its starting point

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4
Q

Displacement

A

How far from the equilbrium point the wave has oscillated

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5
Q

maximum displacement

A

amplitude

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6
Q

amplitude

A

the distance from the rest/median/equilibrium/0 line to the crest or trough.

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7
Q

Amplitude indicates

A

loudness

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8
Q

Displacement time graph-oscillation is

A

the time period- the time it takes for one complete oscillation

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9
Q

Frequency =

A

1/time period

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10
Q

frequency definition

A

the number of complete waves that pass a point in a second

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11
Q

Time period=

A

1/frequency

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12
Q

Frequency determines

A

pitch

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13
Q

Transverse wave

A

-It is produced when the disturbance/vibration is perpendicular (90 degrees) to the direction of energy transfer (vibrations go up and down whilst the overall wave is going from left to right)

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14
Q

examples of transverSe waves

A
  • electromagneTic waves
  • secondary seismic waves (earthquakes)
  • ripples/waves
  • waves of strings
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15
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

-It is produced when the disturbance/vibration is parallel to the direction of energy/data transfer (the waves vibrate back and forth so they have compressions and rarefactions).

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16
Q

Examples of longitudinal waves

A
  • primary seismic waves

- sound waves

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17
Q

wavelength

A

The distance between any 2 consecutive waves

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18
Q

How to measure the wavelength on longitudinal waves

A
  • measure from one compression to the next compression or one rarefaction to the next rarefaction
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19
Q

Period

A

The time taken for one complete wave to pass a point

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20
Q

Are waves always reflected?

A

No

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21
Q

When a wave reaches a boundary, it will either

A
  • be absorbed by the material so the energy from the wave is transferrd to that material’s energy stores
  • the wave could be transmitted (where the wave enters the material but carries on travelling and passes out other side- often refraction)
  • reflection- wave never enters the material
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22
Q

What does the action of a wave depend on?

A
  • wavelength

- properties of two materials

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23
Q

Angle of incidence=

A

angle of reflection

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24
Q

normal

A

a dashed line that is perpendicular to the surface

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25
Point of incidence
Where the incoming ray touches the boundary
26
Mirrors
boundary is flat - all normals are in same direction so all of the incoming light rays will be reflected in the same direction. This is called specular reflection. Gives us a clear image.
27
Paper
-Relatively rough surface. Boundary different. Normals will be different but incoming light rays the same. Light will be reflected in all different directions. Diffuse/scattered reflection. Normally can't see ourselves.
28
Paper
-Relatively rough surface. Boundary different. Normals will be different but incoming light rays the same. Light will be reflected in all different directions. Diffuse/scattered reflection. Normally can't see ourselves.
29
sound waves
vibrations that pass through the molecules of a medium - they are a type of longitudinal wave - they travel as a series of compressions and rarefactions
30
compressions
- regions where the vibrating particles are closest together
31
rarefactions
-regions where the particles are furthest apart
32
Sound waves travelling through a solid
- sound waves cause particles in the solid to vibrate - these collide with neighbouring particles, transferring energy and in turn causing them to vibrate - this occurs throughout the whole solid- sound wave gets transmitted through the material
33
Sound waves need
particles to travel.
34
The more densely packed particles are, the
faster the sound travels (sound travels faster in solids than in liquids and gases)
35
Why can sound not travel through a vacuum?
Because there are no vibrating particles in a vacuum
36
As sound waves travel between different mediums and speed up and slow down, what does not change?
their frequency does not change
37
If speed is increasing, (wavespeed = frequency x wavelength)
and the frequency remains the same, the wavelength must increase instead
38
As sound speeds up, the wavelength
gets longer, which happens in high density mediums like solids.
39
As the sound slows down, the wavelength will get
shorter, which happens in low density materials like air
40
Sound changes speed from one medium to another so can be
refracted
41
Sound changes speed from one medium to another so can be
refracted
42
sound can be
reflected, refracted or absorbed. Hard, flat surfaces reflect the most sound, giving us echoes.
43
compressions
regions of higher density
44
rarefactions
regions of lower density
45
sound waves are
vibrations of air molecules
46
Compressions and rarefactions cause
changes in pressure, which vary in time with the wave.
47
Sound is a type of
pressure wave
48
Hearing range of humans
- 20 Hz to 20000 Hz. Different people will have slightly different hearing ranges. Older- range of hearing will decrease.
49
Why does your hearing range decrease as you get older?
Wear and tear of cochlea and auditory nerve.
50
Sound wave pathway through the ear
The sound waves enter the ear canal. The vibrations cause the ear drums to vibrate which leads to the Malleus, Incus and Stapes to vibrate. Makes fluid in the cochlea vibrate. Makes hair cells vibrate and release neurotransmitters. Sends electrical signals to the brain via the auditory nerve.
51
Ultrasound
- sound waves above the human hearing range of 20000 Hz
52
When meeting a boundary between two media,ultrasound may be:
- Partially reflected - Partially transmitted - Partially absorbed
53
The percentage that is reflected or transmitted depends on the
- two media at the boundary: | - An air and glass boundary will have different percentages compared to an air and wall boundary
54
The percentage of the wave reflected is greatest when
the difference in speed of sound between the media is large. -For example, when sound in air hits a brick boundary, most of the sound is reflected because waves travel much faster in brick than in air
55
Echo sounding
Echo sounding uses ultrasound to detect objects underwater The sound wave is reflected off the ocean bottom The time it takes for the sound wave to return is used to calculate the depth of the water The distance the wave travels is twice the depth of the ocean This is the distance to the ocean floor plus the distance for the wave to return
56
compression
when the longitudinal waves are packed together
57
rarefaction
when the waves are spread apart
58
wavespeed
how fast the wave travels to transfer energy
59
frequency
number of waves/time period
60
Sounds above 20,000 Hz are inaudible which are known as ultrasound
- prenatal scans - cleaning jewellery - submarines use it to see things around them (sonar) - dog whistles
61
Sounds below 20Hz are inaudible and are known as
infrasound
62
Why do not all humans hear from the normal hearing range?
Because over time our hearing will become damaged.
63
Permanent hearing loss
When the hearing will remain damaged
64
temporary hearing loss
short term hearing loss,when you are ill, on a plane
65
What is an echo?
When sound hits hard objects we can hear echoes.An echo is when the sound bounces off hard objects.
66
speed of sound
340 m/s
67
Light
- it is a transverse wave - these waves travel perpendicular to the direction of motion - speed of light waves - 3x 10^8 m/s
68
Reflection
- It is when light hits smooth and shiny objects
69
reflection uses:
- mirrors | - Hivis jackets
70
angle of incidence=
angle of reflection
71
Refraction
- it is the bending of light when it changes optical density - when light goes from less dense to denser it bends towards the normal line - when light goes from denser to less dense it bends away from the normal line

Physics GCSE (11 decks)

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