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Physics GCSE > Forces > Flashcards

Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

Forces are a

A

push and pull motion

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2
Q

Force is measured in

A

Newtons

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3
Q

A scalar quantity is

A

one which only has a magnitude (size).

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4
Q

A vector quantity has

A

both magnitude and direction

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5
Q

examples of scalar quantities

A

distance, speed, mass, time, temperature

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6
Q

examples of vector quantities

A

displacement, velocity, acceleration, forces, momentum

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7
Q

Displacement

A

A single straight line from the start point to end point.

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8
Q

distance

A

the total path travelled by an object

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9
Q

Arrows can be used to represent vector quantities such as forces (vector diagrams):
Length of arrow corresponds to …
The direction of the arrow represents …

A
  • the size of quantity.

- the direction at which the quantity is acting.

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10
Q

Contact forces

A

The force which is exerted between objects that are in physical contact with each other

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11
Q

Non-contact forces

A

The force exerted between two objects which are separated from each other

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12
Q

Examples of contact forces

A

friction, air resistance, normal forces, tension

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13
Q

examples of non-contact forces

A

Gravity, electrostatic, magnetism

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14
Q

Gravity is

A

the force of attraction between any 2 objects that have a mass

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15
Q

The higher the mass,

A

the stronger the force of gravity

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16
Q

Earth gravitational field strength

A

9.8N/kg

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17
Q

Moon gravitational field strength

A

1.6 N/kg

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18
Q

Why does the moon have a lower gravitational field strength than Earth?

A

It is 6 times lighter than the Earth.

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19
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter an object has (kg).

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20
Q

Weight

A

The force exerted by an object (N).

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21
Q

Weight (N)=

A

mass (kg) x Gravity (N/kg)

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22
Q

Resultant force is

A

the overall force that acts on an object. An object can have multiple forces acting on it, but the resultant force is the single force after cancelling the forces.

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23
Q

forces acting in the same direction

A

adding forces together

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24
Q

forces acting in opposite directions

A

subtract the opposing forces

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25
Q

When forces are perpendicular

A

use Pythagoras

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26
Q

When forces act in angles that are not 90 degrees

A

vector diagrams (the line corresponds to the force itself)

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27
Q

work done

A

when energy is transferred

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28
Q

How to do vector diagrams

A
  • the length of the line corresponds to the size of the force
  • and work out the scale eg: 1N=1cm
  • After the scale is obtained, draw a parallelogram
  • This parallelogram must be drawn to scale
  • Once the parallelogram is drawn connect both sides together and measure the line
  • The length of the line will give the resultant force.
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29
Q

work done (J )equation

A

force (N) x distance (m)

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30
Q

deformation

A

When a force is applied to an object which results in the objects shape changing. Extension when the force applied on the object causes the shape to extend. Compression when a force is applied which makes the object smaller.

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31
Q

Elastic (deformation)

A

When the force is removed from the object, the object will return to its original shape.

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32
Q

Plastic/ inelastic (deformation)

A

when the force is removed from the object, the object will remain deformed.

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33
Q

Hooke’s law

A

Force is directly proportional to extension until the limit of proportionality.

34
Q

Hooke’s law equation

A

F=ke

35
Q

Explain the method required to work out the spring constant of a spring under investigation

A

1, Set up the equipment as shown above (include picture) , make sure the ruler is clamped onto the stand, so the ruler stays in a fixed position therefore increasing the accuracy of the results.
2, Record the original length of the spring by using a ruler before any masses are added.
3, Add a 0.5 kg mass onto the spring, this will cause the spring to extend.Record the extension of the spring (measure the length of the spring when it stops bouncing) (total length- original length).
4, Going up in intervals of 0.5 kg increase the mass and record the new extension value.
5, Convert all the mass values into a force by using the formula W=m x g
Force (N) Extension (m)
0kg –> 0N 0m
0.5kg –> 5 N 2m
1.0 kg–> 10N 4m
1.5 kg –> 15N 6m
2.0 kg–> 20N 8m
6, Plot the values on a graph to determine a relationship (force by extension).
7, Force/extension = spring constant. Therefore, the gradient of the graph will give the spring constant of the spring under investigation.

36
Q

2 types of deformation

A

extension and compression

37
Q

moment

A

The turning effect, the force that will cause an object to rotate.

38
Q

Objects will turn from the central point known as

A

the pivot

39
Q

Two directions things can turn

A

clockwise and anti-clockwise

40
Q

The two factors that allow the turning effect to increase and decrease are:

A

1, Force

2, Distance from the pivot

41
Q

Moment (Nm) M=

A

F - force (n) x D- Distance (m)

42
Q

Pressure

A
  • the force per unit area
  • unit is Pa
  • pressure= force/area
43
Q

Principle of moments

A

The total anticlockwise moments is equal to the total clockwise moments.
- The object will be balanced.

44
Q

Pressure in a liquid formula:

A

height of column (h) x density of liquid (p) x gravitational strength (g)

45
Q

average speed of someone walking

A

1.5 metres per second

46
Q

average speed of someone cyling

A

6m/s

47
Q

average speed of sound

A

330 m/s

48
Q

speed

A

A scalar quantity- only is how fast the object is going

Has no direction

49
Q

velocity

A

a vector quantity- how fast the object is going with a direction
Has a direction
If the object travels at the same speed but changes direction velocity also changes

50
Q

average speed of someone running

A

3m/s

51
Q

speed

A

distance/time

52
Q

sound in a more dense medium (solid)

A

travels faster - more vibrating matter

53
Q

the steeper the gradient of a distance-time graph

A

the faster an object travels

54
Q

acceleration

A
  • the rate of change of velocity
  • ## m/s2
55
Q

acceleration equations

A
  • v2 - u2 = 2as

- change in velocity/time

56
Q

2 components to acceleration

A
  • 1, It can either occur when something speeds up or slows down
  • 2, When an object is travelling at a constant speed but changes direction, we say that it is accelerating as the direction component has been altered.
57
Q

constant acceleration

A

getting faster at the same rate

58
Q

non-uniform acceleration

A

the rate of speed increase is increasing as the line becomes steeper

59
Q

constant velocity

A

the speed does not change

60
Q

deceleration

A

negative gradient

61
Q

Newton’s first law

A

“If an object is stationary or travelling at a constant speed it will continue to do so unless a resultant force is applied.”
If the resultant force acting on an object is zero and:
- the object is stationary, the object remains stationary
- the object is moving, the object continues to move at the same speed.

62
Q

Newton’s 2nd law

A

“Force is directly proportional to the acceleration”
Force (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2)
Higher force- higher acceleration

63
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law

A

“If object A applies a force on object B, object B will exert an equal but opposite force on object A.”

  • equal but opposite force
  • Action- reaction pairs of forces
64
Q

terminal velocity

A
  • the maximum velocity a free-falling object reaches
  • when the object has reached terminal velocity, the resultant force of the object is ZERO.
  • drag and gravity are equal
65
Q

terminal velocity graph

A

O-P : The parachutist jumps off the plane and the weight is greater than the air resistance therefore he accelerates.
P-Q: The weight remains constant however the air resistance increases subsequently causing the weight and air resistance to cancel each other out and the resultant force becomes ZERO. Reaches a constant speed known as terminal velocity
Q-R: the parachutists has activated the parachute causing air resistance to increase and therefore decelerates (becomes slower)
R-S: the parachutist again will reach a terminal velocity however this terminal velocity is a lot slower and thus will allow the person to land safely.

66
Q

How to find the distance travelled from a velocity-time graph

A

Find the area underneath the velocity-time graph

67
Q

stopping distance

A

thinking distance + breaking distance

68
Q

Thinking distance

A

Reaction time, the distance travelled once the hazard has been seen and the car breaks are activated

69
Q

Braking distance

A

The distance that the car moves after the breaks have been applied

70
Q

Factors which affect stopping distance

A
  • alcohol
  • drugs
  • tiredness
  • vision
  • distraction
  • age
  • health
71
Q

factors which affect braking distance

A
  • car conditions
  • weather conditions
  • road conditions
  • speed
  • break pads
  • mass
72
Q

momentum

A

It is the measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving objects

73
Q

two factors which affect momentum

A

1, If an object is heavy like a bus it will be harder to stop than lighter objects such as a car
2, If an object is travelling really fast it will be harder to stop

74
Q

momentum (kgm/s)=

A

mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)

75
Q

conservation of momentum

A

the momentum before a collision= momentum after a collision

76
Q

force

A

change in momentum/time

77
Q

Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with altitude?

A
  • the number of air molecules decreases.
78
Q

What is upthrust caused by?

A

The pressure on the bottom of the object being greater than the pressure on the top of the object.

79
Q

Explain the possible dangers caused by a vehicle having a large deceleration when it is braking

A
  • slide

- wheels could warm up

80
Q

inertia

A

The ability to make an object change from its motion

81
Q

Explain the changing motion of the skydiver in terms of the forces acting on the skydiver. (4 marks)

A
  • weight increases
  • air resistance increases
  • weight=air resistance
  • terminal velocity= when the resultant force is 0
  • object will continue to move at a constant speed downwards

Physics GCSE (11 decks)

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