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geography > mocks - physical paper !! > Flashcards

mocks - physical paper !! Flashcards

1
Q

what happened in december 2010 in the uk?

A

coldest temp. for over 100 years
severe snow and ice
led to some deaths!

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2
Q

what happened just four months after december in april 2011 in the uk?

A

warmest april on record!

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3
Q

what was the wettest year in the uk?

A

2013

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4
Q

what shows that rain is becoming more of an issue in the uk? or whatever

A

more rainfall records broken in 2010-2014 than in any decade!

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5
Q

what was the wettest month in the uk?

A

december 2015

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6
Q

examples of major flooding in the uk?

A

cumbria: 2005, 2009, 2015-2016

west wales: 2012

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7
Q

social impacts of december 2010 weather?

A

several ppl died from hypothermia or accidents on icy roads
majority of schools closed - 7000 parents had to stay home + couldn’t work !! (led to economic problems)
water pipes frozen + burst - 40 000 homes + businesses without water across northern ireland!

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8
Q

economic impacts of december 2010 weather?

A

transport networks disrupted - drivers trapped in cars for 15 hours - M8 closed for two days, flights + trains cancelled
ppl unable to get to work !! affected UK’s economy - GDP decreased by 0.5%
overall economic impact of £1.6 billion

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9
Q

environmental impacts of december 2010 weather?

A

more than 50cm in hilly areas!!
crops were damaged
use of electricity and gas doubled - increased CO2 emissions!

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10
Q

where do tropical storms develop/occur?

A

between 50 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator

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11
Q

when do tropical storms develop?

A

when sea temp. is 27 degrees or higher

when the difference in wind-speeds is slow

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12
Q

how do tropical storms increase in strength?

A

from warm water

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13
Q

what happens to tropical storms when they are over land?

A

lose strength as they do not have the energy from warm water

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14
Q

how do tropical storms develop?

A
  • warm, moist air rises + condenses
  • this releases lots of energy allowing the storm to become powerful
  • the rising air creates areas of low pressure
  • this increases surface winds
  • earth’s rotations cause storm to spin by deflecting wind paths
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15
Q

what was the earthquake in nepal rated on the richter scale?

A

7.9

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16
Q

how many ppl died from the earthquake in nepal?

A

9,000 died

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17
Q

how many ppl were injured from the earthquake in nepal?

A

17,000 injured

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18
Q

how many ppl were left homeless from the earthquake in nepal?

A

1 million ppl left homeless

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19
Q

how many dollars did the earthquake in nepal cost?

A

5 billion

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20
Q

what factors were badly affected from the earthquake in nepal?

A

food, water, electricity

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21
Q

what occurred after the earthquake in nepal?

A

land slides

avalanche - 19 died

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22
Q

what responses took place after the earthquake in nepal?

A

tents for shelter for the homeless
aid from other countries
massive rebuilding prokect

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23
Q

what was the earthquake in chile rated on the richter scale?

A

8.8

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24
Q

how many were killed due to the earthquake in chile?

A

500

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25
Q

how many were injured due to the earthquake in chile?

A

12,000

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26
Q

how much did the earthquake in chile amount to in dollars?

A

30 billiom

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27
Q

what was badly affected due to the earthquake in chile?

A

airport + port damaged
transport affected - supplies?
power loss - communication?
landslides + tsunamis occurred after earthquake - roads damaged - supplies?

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28
Q

responses to the chile earthquake?

A

immediate repairs
gov. helped rebuilt homes + businesses
local + international aid services
national funding appeals

29
Q

describe the process of nutrient cycling

A

decomposition of decaying or dead material by decomposers (in order to obtain energy) occurs
this releases nutrients from dead material back into the soil
plants take in nutrients
plants are eaten
plant/ consumer dies
nutrients return to soil

30
Q

stratification of the rainforest!!

A

soil - poor, nutrients recycled quickly
shrub layer - plants that can tolerate low light
under canopy - smaller trees that compete for light
canopy - continuous layer of tall trees
emergent - top layer, strongest + tallest trees

31
Q

talk about oil and gas as an opportunity for alaska pls and thx

A

more than 1/2 alaska’s income comes from this

trans-alaskan pipe-line

32
Q

talk about mineral resources as an opportunity for alaska pls and thx

A

has many mineral resources e.g. gold, silver, iron etc
tintina gold belt - lots of gold
contributed 2.2 billion u.s dollars to economy in 2013

33
Q

talk about fishing as an opportunity for alaska pls and thx

A

employs 79000 ppl

contributes more than 5 billion u.s dollars to economy

34
Q

talk about tourism as an opportunity for alaska pls and thx

A

around 2 million tourists a year - money, employment opportunities etc.

35
Q

talk about extreme temperatures as a challenge for alaska pls and thx

A

extremely cold - annual temp is -9 degrees
in winter - dark all the time
extreme weather e.g. heavy snow + strong winds
potential injuries - long distance health care

36
Q

talk about inaccessibility as a challenge for alaska pls and thx

A

long way away from the rest of u.s
some areas are extremely remotes
small population - could lack employment opportunities
mountainous terrain - difficult - expensive
icy roads in winter, no roads in summer (ground gets too soft)

37
Q

talk about building + infrastructure as a challenge for alaska pls and thx

A

has to suit the ground - difficult + expensive
construction only takes place in summer (warmer, longer, lighter)
has to be overcome, however, for the many opportunities e.g. trans-alaskan pipeline - built on stilts - prevents melting of permafrost

38
Q

how does technology protect cold environments?

A

modern construction methods reduced environmental impact - building on piles + gravel beds prevents melting of permafrost

39
Q

how do conservation groups protect cold environments?

A

pressure government

encourage sustainable management e.g. green peace

40
Q

how do international agreements protect cold environments?

A

antarctic treaty:

  • limited amount of visitors at one site (one hundred at one time)
  • prohibits nuclear activity
  • prevents cruise ships over 500 passengers stopping etc.
41
Q

how does the role of the government protect cold environments?

A

government can make laws e.g. wilderness act - protects wilderness areas from development
can restrict mining + logging (mineral mining causes pollution, logging destroys habitats)

42
Q

describe the features of a destructive wave

A
  • high + steep
  • carry out erosional processes
  • high frequency
  • backwash is stronger than swash
43
Q

describe the features of a constructive wave

A
  • deposit more than erode
  • low + long
  • low frequency
  • powerful swash in comparison to weaker backwash (allows deposition)
44
Q

how is material transported by long-shore drift?

A
  • waves follow prevailing wind
  • waves hit at oblique angle
  • swash carries material up beach in same direction as waves
  • backwash carries material down perpendicular to the beach
  • overtime material zigzags down the coast
45
Q

how are wave-cut platforms formed?

A
  • caused by erosion at foot of cliff
  • notch appears
  • rock above notch becomes unstable + collapses
  • collapsed material washed away
  • new wave-cut notch forms
  • process repeats
  • repeated collapsing results in cliff retreating
  • wave-cut platform left behind as cliff retreats
46
Q

how are headlands and bays formed?

A
  • alternating bands of resistant and less resistance rock
  • less resistant rock erodes quicker (e.g. clay) - forms bays
  • more resistant rock erodes slower (e.g. chalk) - forms headlands which stick out
47
Q

how do headlands erode to form caves, arches, stacks and stumps?

A
  • headlands made up of resistant rocks with cracks
  • waves crash into headland + enlarge cracks (hydraulic action, abrasion)
  • repeated enlargement creates caves
  • caves eventually break creating arch
  • arch collapses to form stacks (isolated rock)
  • stacks erode - forms stumps
48
Q

what does the long profile of a river show you?

A

how gradient changes over different courses

49
Q

what does the cross profile of a river show you?

A

the cross-section of a river

50
Q

describe the upper course in terms of gradient, valley + channel shape

A
  • steep gradient
  • v-shaped valley
  • narrow
  • shallow
51
Q

describe the middle course in terms of gradient, valley + channel shape

A
  • medium gradient
  • wider
  • deeper
  • more gentle slope
52
Q

describe the lower course in terms of gradient, valley + channel shape

A
  • gentle gradient
  • very wide
  • very deep
53
Q

describe what happens to the inside bend of a meander

A
  • current is slower on inside bend becuz channel has more friction cuz its more shallow
  • material deposited - forms slip-off slope
54
Q

describe what happens to the outside bend of a meander

A
  • current is faster on outside bend cuz channel has less friction cuz it is more deep
  • erosion occurs - forms river cliff
55
Q

what do meanders eventually form?

A

ox-bow lakes !!

56
Q

describe traction

A

large boulders pushed along the bed by the force of water

57
Q

describe saltation

A

pebble-sized particles bounced along by the force of water

58
Q

describe suspension

A

small particles e.g. silt, clay carried by water

59
Q

describe solution

A

soluble materials dissolved in water + carried along

60
Q

what is the difference between hard engineering and soft engineering?

A

hard - man-made

soft - refers to schemes

61
Q

talk dams and reservoirs xx (hard engineering)

A

dams - huge walls
reservoirs - artificial lakes
expensive to build !!
stores water - can be used as HEP or can be drunk
could flood existing settlements !!
farmlands become less fertile - material is deposited in reservoirs

62
Q

talk flood relief channels xx (hard engineering)

A

channels that divert high levels of water
has gates + can be controlled
reduces flooding as river discharge is reduced
BUT could potentially get flooded too!
(increased discharge where it joins other channels)

63
Q

talk embankments xx (hard engineering)

A

raised walls along river side
expensive
allows river to hold more water
extreme flooding risk if it breaks

64
Q

talk channel straightening xx (hard engineering)

A

water moves out of area quicker

more erosion downstream - flooding could happen here as all the water is carried here

65
Q

talk flood plain zoning xx (soft engineering)

A

prevents building in high flood risk areas
urbanisation limited
risk + impact of flooding reduced
some places already built on tho!!

66
Q

talk planting trees xx (soft engineering)

A

increases interception
discharge + flood risk reduced
vegetation reduces soil erosion
less space for farmland

67
Q

talk river restoration xx (soft engineering)

A 
removes man-made structures 
little maintenance
river is more natural
could increase flooding - less structures to stop it
but less risk of flooding downstream
68
Q

name two other methods of soft engineering

not river restoration, flood plain zoning or planting trees!

A

preparation + flood risk warnings !

geography (4 decks)

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