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geography > mocks - physical paper !! > Flashcards

mocks - physical paper !! Flashcards

1
Q

what happened in december 2010 in the uk?

A

coldest temp. for over 100 years
severe snow and ice
led to some deaths!

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2
Q

what happened just four months after december in april 2011 in the uk?

A

warmest april on record!

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3
Q

what was the wettest year in the uk?

A

2013

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4
Q

what shows that rain is becoming more of an issue in the uk? or whatever

A

more rainfall records broken in 2010-2014 than in any decade!

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5
Q

what was the wettest month in the uk?

A

december 2015

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6
Q

examples of major flooding in the uk?

A

cumbria: 2005, 2009, 2015-2016

west wales: 2012

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7
Q

social impacts of december 2010 weather?

A

several ppl died from hypothermia or accidents on icy roads
majority of schools closed - 7000 parents had to stay home + couldn’t work !! (led to economic problems)
water pipes frozen + burst - 40 000 homes + businesses without water across northern ireland!

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8
Q

economic impacts of december 2010 weather?

A

transport networks disrupted - drivers trapped in cars for 15 hours - M8 closed for two days, flights + trains cancelled
ppl unable to get to work !! affected UK’s economy - GDP decreased by 0.5%
overall economic impact of £1.6 billion

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9
Q

environmental impacts of december 2010 weather?

A

more than 50cm in hilly areas!!
crops were damaged
use of electricity and gas doubled - increased CO2 emissions!

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10
Q

where do tropical storms develop/occur?

A

between 50 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator

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11
Q

when do tropical storms develop?

A

when sea temp. is 27 degrees or higher

when the difference in wind-speeds is slow

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12
Q

how do tropical storms increase in strength?

A

from warm water

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13
Q

what happens to tropical storms when they are over land?

A

lose strength as they do not have the energy from warm water

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14
Q

how do tropical storms develop?

A
  • warm, moist air rises + condenses
  • this releases lots of energy allowing the storm to become powerful
  • the rising air creates areas of low pressure
  • this increases surface winds
  • earth’s rotations cause storm to spin by deflecting wind paths
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15
Q

what was the earthquake in nepal rated on the richter scale?

A

7.9

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16
Q

how many ppl died from the earthquake in nepal?

A

9,000 died

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17
Q

how many ppl were injured from the earthquake in nepal?

A

17,000 injured

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18
Q

how many ppl were left homeless from the earthquake in nepal?

A

1 million ppl left homeless

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19
Q

how many dollars did the earthquake in nepal cost?

A

5 billion

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20
Q

what factors were badly affected from the earthquake in nepal?

A

food, water, electricity

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21
Q

what occurred after the earthquake in nepal?

A

land slides

avalanche - 19 died

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22
Q

what responses took place after the earthquake in nepal?

A

tents for shelter for the homeless
aid from other countries
massive rebuilding prokect

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23
Q

what was the earthquake in chile rated on the richter scale?

A

8.8

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24
Q

how many were killed due to the earthquake in chile?

A

500

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25
how many were injured due to the earthquake in chile?
12,000
26
how much did the earthquake in chile amount to in dollars?
30 billiom
27
what was badly affected due to the earthquake in chile?
airport + port damaged transport affected - supplies? power loss - communication? landslides + tsunamis occurred after earthquake - roads damaged - supplies?
28
responses to the chile earthquake?
immediate repairs gov. helped rebuilt homes + businesses local + international aid services national funding appeals
29
describe the process of nutrient cycling
decomposition of decaying or dead material by decomposers (in order to obtain energy) occurs this releases nutrients from dead material back into the soil plants take in nutrients plants are eaten plant/ consumer dies nutrients return to soil
30
stratification of the rainforest!!
soil - poor, nutrients recycled quickly shrub layer - plants that can tolerate low light under canopy - smaller trees that compete for light canopy - continuous layer of tall trees emergent - top layer, strongest + tallest trees
31
talk about oil and gas as an opportunity for alaska pls and thx
more than 1/2 alaska's income comes from this | trans-alaskan pipe-line
32
talk about mineral resources as an opportunity for alaska pls and thx
has many mineral resources e.g. gold, silver, iron etc tintina gold belt - lots of gold contributed 2.2 billion u.s dollars to economy in 2013
33
talk about fishing as an opportunity for alaska pls and thx
employs 79000 ppl | contributes more than 5 billion u.s dollars to economy
34
talk about tourism as an opportunity for alaska pls and thx
around 2 million tourists a year - money, employment opportunities etc.
35
talk about extreme temperatures as a challenge for alaska pls and thx
extremely cold - annual temp is -9 degrees in winter - dark all the time extreme weather e.g. heavy snow + strong winds potential injuries - long distance health care
36
talk about inaccessibility as a challenge for alaska pls and thx
long way away from the rest of u.s some areas are extremely remotes small population - could lack employment opportunities mountainous terrain - difficult - expensive icy roads in winter, no roads in summer (ground gets too soft)
37
talk about building + infrastructure as a challenge for alaska pls and thx
has to suit the ground - difficult + expensive construction only takes place in summer (warmer, longer, lighter) has to be overcome, however, for the many opportunities e.g. trans-alaskan pipeline - built on stilts - prevents melting of permafrost
38
how does technology protect cold environments?
modern construction methods reduced environmental impact - building on piles + gravel beds prevents melting of permafrost
39
how do conservation groups protect cold environments?
pressure government | encourage sustainable management e.g. green peace
40
how do international agreements protect cold environments?
antarctic treaty: - limited amount of visitors at one site (one hundred at one time) - prohibits nuclear activity - prevents cruise ships over 500 passengers stopping etc.
41
how does the role of the government protect cold environments?
government can make laws e.g. wilderness act - protects wilderness areas from development can restrict mining + logging (mineral mining causes pollution, logging destroys habitats)
42
describe the features of a destructive wave
- high + steep - carry out erosional processes - high frequency - backwash is stronger than swash
43
describe the features of a constructive wave
- deposit more than erode - low + long - low frequency - powerful swash in comparison to weaker backwash (allows deposition)
44
how is material transported by long-shore drift?
- waves follow prevailing wind - waves hit at oblique angle - swash carries material up beach in same direction as waves - backwash carries material down perpendicular to the beach - overtime material zigzags down the coast
45
how are wave-cut platforms formed?
- caused by erosion at foot of cliff - notch appears - rock above notch becomes unstable + collapses - collapsed material washed away - new wave-cut notch forms - process repeats - repeated collapsing results in cliff retreating - wave-cut platform left behind as cliff retreats
46
how are headlands and bays formed?
- alternating bands of resistant and less resistance rock - less resistant rock erodes quicker (e.g. clay) - forms bays - more resistant rock erodes slower (e.g. chalk) - forms headlands which stick out
47
how do headlands erode to form caves, arches, stacks and stumps?
- headlands made up of resistant rocks with cracks - waves crash into headland + enlarge cracks (hydraulic action, abrasion) - repeated enlargement creates caves - caves eventually break creating arch - arch collapses to form stacks (isolated rock) - stacks erode - forms stumps
48
what does the long profile of a river show you?
how gradient changes over different courses
49
what does the cross profile of a river show you?
the cross-section of a river
50
describe the upper course in terms of gradient, valley + channel shape
- steep gradient - v-shaped valley - narrow - shallow
51
describe the middle course in terms of gradient, valley + channel shape
- medium gradient - wider - deeper - more gentle slope
52
describe the lower course in terms of gradient, valley + channel shape
- gentle gradient - very wide - very deep
53
describe what happens to the inside bend of a meander
- current is slower on inside bend becuz channel has more friction cuz its more shallow - material deposited - forms slip-off slope
54
describe what happens to the outside bend of a meander
- current is faster on outside bend cuz channel has less friction cuz it is more deep - erosion occurs - forms river cliff
55
what do meanders eventually form?
ox-bow lakes !!
56
describe traction
large boulders pushed along the bed by the force of water
57
describe saltation
pebble-sized particles bounced along by the force of water
58
describe suspension
small particles e.g. silt, clay carried by water
59
describe solution
soluble materials dissolved in water + carried along
60
what is the difference between hard engineering and soft engineering?
hard - man-made | soft - refers to schemes
61
talk dams and reservoirs xx (hard engineering)
dams - huge walls reservoirs - artificial lakes expensive to build !! stores water - can be used as HEP or can be drunk could flood existing settlements !! farmlands become less fertile - material is deposited in reservoirs
62
talk flood relief channels xx (hard engineering)
channels that divert high levels of water has gates + can be controlled reduces flooding as river discharge is reduced BUT could potentially get flooded too! (increased discharge where it joins other channels)
63
talk embankments xx (hard engineering)
raised walls along river side expensive allows river to hold more water extreme flooding risk if it breaks
64
talk channel straightening xx (hard engineering)
water moves out of area quicker | more erosion downstream - flooding could happen here as all the water is carried here
65
talk flood plain zoning xx (soft engineering)
prevents building in high flood risk areas urbanisation limited risk + impact of flooding reduced some places already built on tho!!
66
talk planting trees xx (soft engineering)
increases interception discharge + flood risk reduced vegetation reduces soil erosion less space for farmland
67
talk river restoration xx (soft engineering)
``` removes man-made structures little maintenance river is more natural could increase flooding - less structures to stop it but less risk of flooding downstream ```
68
name two other methods of soft engineering | not river restoration, flood plain zoning or planting trees!
preparation + flood risk warnings !

geography (4 decks)

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