mocks - urban issues and challenges

Question 1

reasons for the different rates of urbanisation in HICs and LICs

Answer 1

• happening quicker in LICs than HICs; urbanisation is more historical in HICs - a vast majority of people are already situated in urban areas e.g. london - industrial revolution
• LICs currently developing; more income coming into the country - able to be spent on economic development and build roads and cities etc.
• more job opportunities in these cities which act as a pull factor, able to move into cities by attaining these jobs + gaining enough money to live there

Question 2

pull factors?

Answer 2

• more jobs with higher income
• better healthcare + education
• better quality of life

Question 3

push factors?

Answer 3

• natural disasters
• conflict
• political unrest
• bad healthcare

Question 4

what is a megacity and how are they formed?

Answer 4

• urban area with more than 10 million people living there
• high rates of urbanisation lead to growth of megacities
• e.g. mumbai in india
• 34 megacities - most in LICs or NEEs

Question 5

case study - mumbai (nee)

opportunities of urban growth?

Answer 5

• city has more than 1000 schools with free education up to a certain ages
• high literacy rates (90%) even in slums (70%)
• poor have access to basic medical services
• mumbai has quick access to clean water
• over 80% of mumbai’s waste recycled
• huge range of jobs from high skilled to low skilled such as rag pickers
• bollywood
• 85% have jobs in slums

Question 6

case study - mumbai (nee)

challenges of urban growth?

Answer 6

• high air pollution - many diesel cars
• 22 million registered cars
• 650 million litres of water lost a day due to old pipes
• 9 million people live in squatter settlements - bad sanitation etc.
• high crime rates
• unemployment - economic growth not fast enough to create sufficient jobs for workforce
• 1 toilet per 1000 people in squatter settlements
• diseases spread easily due to overcrowding such as malaria
• 4000 cases of typhoid a day

Question 7

case study - london

opportunities of urban growth?

Answer 7

transport:
- london underground extension; easier for people to travel
- congestion charging zone - discourages people from driving vehicles - reduces air pollution
recreation:
- british museum
- hundreds of restaurants in canary wharf
- buckingham palace
- west end
employment:
- big businesses such as barclays emply 100,000 a year
- 14 million square feet of retail and commercial space
- higher paying jobs than anywhere in uk
urban greening:
- one of greenest cities in the world
- 47% green space; combats climate change, reduces flooding, promotes mental well being

Question 8

case study - london

challenges of urban growth?

Answer 8

atmospheric pollution - london is most pollluted area NO2 from cars etc - respiratory issues
inequalities in health, housing, employment etc. - london growing by 100,000 a year, only 20,000 new homes being built
poorer areas score lower gcses in comparison to wealthier areas
urban decline + deprivation - e.g. newsham - highest rates of unemployment
urban sprawl