MOCK Flashcards
1
Q
What is the key assumption of the behaviourist approach regarding behaviour?
A
All behaviour is learned from experience and the environment.
2
Q
Which type of conditioning involves learning through association?
A
Classical Conditioning.
3
Q
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A
A stimulus that naturally causes a response.
4
Q
What does operant conditioning focus on?
A
Learning through reinforcement and punishment.
5
Q
What is positive reinforcement?
A
Adding something pleasant to increase behaviour.
6
Q
What key experiment demonstrated classical conditioning in humans?
A
Little Albert Experiment by Watson & Rayner (1920).
7
Q
What is a token economy?
A
A system that rewards desired behaviour with tokens.
8
Q
What is the main criticism of the behaviourist approach?
A
It is reductionist and ignores biological and cognitive factors.
9
Q
What is the main assumption of social learning theory?
A
Behaviour is learned from the environment through observation and imitation.
10
Q
What is vicarious reinforcement?
A
Learning that occurs by observing consequences of another person’s behaviour.
11
Q
What does the ARRM model in social learning theory stand for?
A
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation.
12
Q
What key research supports social learning theory?
A
Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment.
13
Q
What is a key evaluation point of social learning theory?
A
It explains cultural differences in behaviour.
14
Q
What is the cognitive approach’s view on internal mental processes?
A
They can be studied scientifically.
15
Q
What is a schema?
A
A mental framework that helps process and organise information.
16
Q
What does the information processing model compare the mind to?
A
A computer.
17
Q
What study investigated the effects of wording on memory?
A
Loftus & Palmer (1974) – Eyewitness Testimony.
18
Q
What is one criticism of the cognitive approach?
A
It lacks ecological validity.
19
Q
What is cognitive neuroscience?
A
The study of cognitive processes with a biological basis.
20
Q
What does fMRI stand for?
A
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
21
Q
What brain structure is associated with long-term memory formation?
A
The hippocampus.
22
Q
What area of the brain is responsible for speech production?
A
Broca’s area.
23
Q
What is a key evaluation point of cognitive neuroscience?
A
It provides reliable biological evidence through brain scans.
24
Q
What is the biological approach’s main assumption regarding behaviour?
A
Behaviour is influenced by biological factors.
25
What is heredity in the context of the biological approach?
The passing of psychological traits from parents to offspring.
26
What neurotransmitter is linked to depression?
Serotonin.
27
What does the biological approach suggest about phobias?
They may have evolved as survival mechanisms.
28
What study investigated brain abnormalities in murderers?
Raine et al. (1997).
29
What is the definition of failure to function adequately?
Inability to cope with everyday life demands.
30
What is one key feature of failure to function adequately?
Personal distress.
31
What does deviation from social norms imply?
Behaviour that violates the unwritten rules of society.
32
What is an example of behaviour that deviates from social norms?
Public nudity.
33
What argument did Szasz (1974) present regarding mental illness?
Mental illness is a social construct used to control deviation from norms.
34
What characterizes Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?
Impulsive and aggressive behavior against social norms of respect and consideration.
35
What is considered abnormal in most cultures but acceptable in some settings?
Public nudity.
36
What does Szasz (1974) argue about mental illness?
It is a social construct used to control people who deviate from norms.
37
What are the positive aspects of the definition of abnormality based on deviation from social norms?
* Considers social context
* Distinguishes between normal and abnormal
38
What is a criticism of the cultural relativism aspect of the deviation from social norms definition?
What is abnormal in one culture may be normal in another.
39
What are the behavioral characteristics of OCD?
* Compulsions
* Avoidance
40
What emotional characteristics are associated with OCD?
* Anxiety and distress
* Guilt and disgust
41
What cognitive characteristics are typical of someone with OCD?
* Obsessive thoughts
* Cognitive strategies
* Awareness of irrationality
42
What defines a phobia?
An irrational fear of an object, situation, or activity that leads to avoidance behavior.
43
What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?
* Anxiety and fear
* Unreasonable emotional reactions
44
What cognitive characteristics are associated with phobias?
* Selective attention
* Irrational beliefs
* Cognitive distortions
45
What are the behavioral characteristics of depression?
* Activity levels
* Disruption to sleep & eating
* Self-harm
46
What emotional characteristics are typical of depression?
* Depressed mood
* Loss of interest (anhedonia)
* Anger
47
What cognitive characteristics are common in individuals with depression?
* Negative thinking
* Poor concentration
* Suicidal thoughts
48
What do genetic explanations suggest about OCD?
OCD is inherited through genes that increase vulnerability.
49
What is the significance of the SERT gene in relation to OCD?
It regulates serotonin; lower levels are linked to OCD.
50
What is the polygenic nature of OCD?
OCD is influenced by multiple genes.
51
What do twin studies reveal about the genetic influence on OCD?
MZ twins have a higher concordance rate than DZ twins.
52
What neural explanations focus on in relation to OCD?
Brain structure and neurotransmitter imbalances.
53
What neurotransmitter levels are linked to OCD symptoms?
* Low serotonin levels
* High dopamine levels
54
What is the role of the basal ganglia in OCD?
Overactivity is linked to repetitive actions.
55
What is the main goal of drug therapy for OCD?
To correct neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly low serotonin levels.
56
What type of drug is most commonly used to treat OCD?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs).
57
What is a potential weakness of drug therapy for OCD?
High relapse rates after stopping medication.
58
What is classical conditioning in the context of phobias?
Learning through association between a neutral stimulus and a traumatic event.
59
What is negative reinforcement in relation to phobias?
Avoiding the feared object reduces anxiety, reinforcing avoidance behavior.
60
What is systematic desensitisation?
Gradual exposure to a feared object or situation to reduce anxiety.
61
What is flooding in the context of phobia treatment?
Rapid exposure to the feared object or situation at full intensity.
62
What is Beck's cognitive triad in depression?
Negative views of the self, the world, and the future.
63
What are schemas in the context of cognitive explanations of depression?
Negative thinking patterns stemming from early negative experiences.
64
What is Beck’s Cognitive Triad?
Depression results from a negative view of:
* The self (e.g., “I’m worthless”)
* The world (e.g., “Everything is difficult and negative”)
* The future (e.g., “Things will never improve”).
65
What are Negative Automatic Thoughts (NATs)?
Automatic negative thoughts that reinforce negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
66
What are Cognitive Distortions?
Irrational thought patterns such as overgeneralisation and catastrophising.
67
What does Ellis’s ABC Model represent?
A model where:
* A: Activating Event
* B: Beliefs
* C: Consequences.
68
What are Irrational Beliefs in the context of depression?
Beliefs such as “I must be perfect” or “If I fail, I’m worthless” that contribute to feelings of helplessness.
69
What is the purpose of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)?
To challenge and replace irrational beliefs with more rational ones.
70
What did Hollon and Beck (1982) find regarding cognitive patterns in depression?
Cognitive patterns like those in the cognitive triad are present in depressed individuals.
71
What did Teasdale et al. (2001) discover about negative thinking patterns?
Negative thinking patterns persist even after recovery from depression.
72
What did Lefebvre et al. (2007) find about individuals with depression?
They are more likely to hold irrational beliefs about themselves.
73
What is a strength of cognitive explanations of depression?
Empirical support shows a clear relationship between negative cognitive patterns and depression.
74
What practical application has emerged from cognitive theories of depression?
Development of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).
75
What is a criticism of the cognitive approach to depression?
It oversimplifies depression by reducing it to just negative thinking.
76
True or False: It is clear whether negative thinking causes depression.
False.
77
What is the definition of a Laboratory Experiment?
Conducted in a controlled environment with manipulation of the IV.
78
What are the strengths of a Field Experiment?
Higher ecological validity and observation of natural behavior.
79
What is a Natural Experiment?
An experiment where the IV occurs naturally and is not manipulated by the researcher.
80
What does Quasi-Experiment refer to?
An experiment where the IV is based on existing characteristics.
81
Define Attachment.
A strong, reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.
82
What is Interactional Synchrony?
When an infant and caregiver mirror each other’s actions or emotions.
83
What is Monotropy in Bowlby’s theory?
The idea that infants form one special attachment, usually to the mother.
84
What are the Stages of Attachment according to Schaffer & Emerson?
1. Asocial (0–6 weeks)
2. Indiscriminate (6 weeks–7 months)
3. Specific (7–9 months)
4. Multiple (10+ months).
85
What is one strength of the Stages of Attachment study?
High ecological validity as it was studied at home.
86
What is a weakness of the Stages of Attachment study?
Biased sample from working-class Glaswegian families in the 1960s.
87
What did Grossman (2002) conclude about fathers' roles?
Fathers' roles are more related to play and stimulation than nurturing.
88
What is Independent Measures design?
Different participants in each condition.
89
What is the advantage of Repeated Measures design?
Fewer participants are needed.
90
What is a disadvantage of Matched Pairs design?
It is time-consuming.
91
What is Random Sampling?
Everyone has an equal chance of being picked.
92
What is a disadvantage of Opportunity Sampling?
It can lead to a biased sample.
93
What is the definition of Quantitative data?
Data represented by numbers and statistics.
94
What is the Median in measures of central tendency?
The middle value in a data set.
95
What is a Bar Chart used for?
Displaying categories for discrete data.
96
What does Correlation measure?
The relationship between variables.
97
What should be considered in Ethical Issues according to BPS Guidelines?
Informed Consent, Deception, Protection from Harm, Right to Withdraw, Confidentiality.
98
What is Internal Validity?
Whether the DV is really due to the IV.
99
What is Reliability in research?
The consistency of results over time.
100
What is the purpose of Case Studies?
To provide an in-depth study of one individual or group.
101
What is a strength of using Self-Report Methods?
They are quick and cheap.
102
What is the key to statistical testing?
Knowing your test types depending on type of data and design.
103
What does the term Operationalisation refer to?
Clearly defining variables so they can be measured.
104
What is the definition of Extraneous Variables?
Other variables that could affect the DV.
105
What is the purpose of Descriptive Statistics?
To summarize and describe data.
