Attatchment

Question 1

What is attachment?

Answer 1

An emotional bond between a caregiver and infant.

Question 2

Define reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions.

Answer 2

Mutual interaction between infant and caregiver (e.g., smiling back).

Question 3

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 3

Infant and caregiver mirror each other’s behavior/emotions.

Question 4

What did Meltzoff & Moore (1977) find about infants?

Answer 4

Infants as young as 2 weeks imitate facial expressions.

Question 5

What are the stages of attachment according to Schaffer & Emerson (1964)?

Answer 5

Asocial stage, Indiscriminate attachment, Specific attachment, Multiple attachments.

Question 6

What characterizes the asocial stage of attachment?

Answer 6

No preference for people (0-6 weeks).

Question 7

What occurs during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

Answer 7

Prefers people but accepts comfort from anyone (6 weeks - 6 months).

Question 8

What happens in the specific attachment stage?

Answer 8

Primary attachment formed (usually mother) (7 months+).

Question 9

What is observed in the multiple attachments stage?

Answer 9

Attachments form with other caregivers (10-11 months+).

Question 10

What role do fathers typically play in attachment?

Answer 10

Fathers are usually secondary attachment figures.

Question 11

What did Grossman (2002) conclude about fathers?

Answer 11

Fathers play a role in play & stimulation, not just emotional development.

Question 12

What did Field (1978) find about fathers as caregivers?

Answer 12

Fathers can be primary caregivers if they adopt nurturing behaviors.

Question 13

What is imprinting in animal studies of attachment?

Answer 13

Geese follow the first moving object they see (critical period = 12-17 hours).

Question 14

What did Harlow (1958) demonstrate about infant monkeys?

Answer 14

Infant monkeys preferred a soft cloth mother over a wire mother with food.

Question 15

What is the focus of the Learning Theory of attachment?

Answer 15

Classical and Operant Conditioning.

Question 16

What is classical conditioning in the context of attachment?

Answer 16

Infant associates caregiver with food & comfort.

Question 17

What does operant conditioning imply about infant behavior?

Answer 17

Crying leads to attention (positive reinforcement), caregiver soothes baby (negative reinforcement).

Question 18

What is a criticism of the food-based attachment theory?

Answer 18

Harlow’s study contradicts food-based attachment theory.

Question 19

What is Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory?

Answer 19

Innate need to form one main attachment (monotropy).

Question 20

What is the critical period for attachment according to Bowlby?

Answer 20

0-2.5 years (if no attachment forms, consequences are irreversible).

Question 21

What are social releasers in Bowlby’s theory?

Answer 21

Babies have cute behaviors (e.g., smiling) to trigger caregiving.

Question 22

What is the Internal Working Model in attachment theory?

Answer 22

First attachment forms a template for future relationships.

Question 23

What did Hazan & Shaver’s ‘Love Quiz’ find?

Answer 23

Early attachment influences later relationships.

Question 24

What is the procedure of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?

Answer 24

7-stage controlled observation of infants (12-18 months).

Question 25

What are the three attachment types identified by Ainsworth?

Answer 25

Secure (Type B), Insecure-Avoidant (Type A), Insecure-Resistant (Type C).

Question 26

What characterizes a secure attachment (Type B)?

Answer 26

Distressed when caregiver leaves, comforted on return.

Question 27

What characterizes an insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A)?

Answer 27

No distress when caregiver leaves, avoids caregiver on return.

Question 28

What characterizes an insecure-resistant attachment (Type C)?

Answer 28

Very distressed when caregiver leaves, angry on return.

Question 29

What is a critique of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?

Answer 29

High reliability but culturally biased (individualistic vs collectivist cultures).

Question 30

What did Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) find in their meta-analysis?

Answer 30

Secure attachment most common, but cultural variations exist.

Question 31

What are the effects of breaking attachment during the critical period?

Answer 31

Emotional damage, intellectual delay, affectionless psychopathy.

Question 32

What did Bowlby’s 44 Juvenile Thieves study reveal?

Answer 32

14/44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths, 12 had prolonged separation from mothers.

Question 33

What did Rutter et al. (2011) study about Romanian orphans find?

Answer 33

Those adopted before 6 months developed normally; after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment.

Question 34

What are the effects of institutionalisation observed in Romanian orphan studies?

Answer 34

Intellectual delay, disinhibited attachment, poor social/emotional development.

Question 35

What does the Internal Working Model suggest about early attachment?

Answer 35

First attachment acts as a template for later relationships.

Question 36

What link did Hazan & Shaver (1987) find between attachment types and adult relationships?

Answer 36

Secure = stable relationships, Avoidant = fear of intimacy, Resistant = clingy relationships.