APPROACHES Flashcards
What does behaviourism focus on?
Observable behaviour, not mental processes.
Behaviourism emphasizes learning from the environment.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association.
Example: Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell associated with food.
Define UCS and UCR in classical conditioning.
UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus) is food; UCR (Unconditioned Response) is salivation.
These are fundamental concepts in classical conditioning.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through consequences.
Example: Skinner’s rats learned to press a lever for food.
What are the types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- Punishment
What is a key evaluation point of behaviourism?
Scientific (controlled lab studies).
Behaviourism’s methods are highly controlled for objectivity.
What is social learning theory?
Learning occurs via observation and imitation.
Bandura emphasized both direct and indirect reinforcement.
What are the mediational processes in social learning theory?
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor reproduction
- Motivation
What was the outcome of Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment?
Children imitated aggressive behaviour after watching aggressive models.
This study highlighted the role of observation in learning.
What does the cognitive approach study?
Internal mental processes such as memory and perception.
Cognitive psychology infers mental processes from behaviour.
Define schemas in the cognitive approach.
Mental frameworks that help process information.
Schemas can lead to biases in information processing.
What is the computer analogy in cognitive psychology?
The brain processes information like a computer.
This analogy compares human thought processes to computational processes.
What is the biological approach based on?
Genetics, neurochemistry, and brain structure.
This approach emphasizes the biological basis of behaviour.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is genetic makeup; phenotype is expression of genes plus environment.
This distinction is crucial in understanding genetic influences on behaviour.
What are the psychosexual stages according to Freud?
- Oral (0-1)
- Anal (1-3)
- Phallic (3-6)
- Latency (6-12)
- Genital (12+)
What are defense mechanisms?
- Repression
- Denial
- Displacement
What is the main focus of the humanistic approach?
Free will and self-determination.
This approach emphasizes personal growth and self-concept.
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
- Self-actualisation
- Esteem needs
- Love and belonging
- Safety needs
- Physiological needs
What is client-centered therapy (CCT)?
Therapy that helps bridge the gap between self-concept and ideal self.
Developed by Carl Rogers, CCT emphasizes unconditional positive regard.
What is a key evaluation point of the humanistic approach?
Lacks scientific evidence.
Critics argue that humanistic psychology is difficult to test scientifically.
What is the comparison of free will vs. determinism in behaviourism?
Hard determinism.
Behaviourism suggests that behaviour is determined by environmental factors.
What is the scientific status of the psychodynamic approach?
Unscientific (can’t test the unconscious).
This is often cited as a major limitation of Freud’s theories.
What key application is associated with the cognitive approach?
CBT therapy and AI.
Cognitive-behavioural therapy is widely used for treating various psychological issues.
