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Anatomy & Physiology > MMI Topic 11 > Flashcards

MMI Topic 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology

A

study of the incidence, distribution and spread of disease within populations

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2
Q

What is prevalence

A

the number of infected individuals in a population at a given time

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3
Q

What is incidence

A

the number of new cases of disease within a certain time period

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4
Q

What is a reservoir

A

a place where a pathogen lives and multiplies and can serve as a source from which individuals can be infected

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5
Q

What is a mode of transmission

A

how the pathogen gets from the reservoir to a susceptible host

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6
Q

Describe direct contact (examples?)

A

a mode of transmission that requires physical contacts between hosts
ex. handshake, kiss, etc

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7
Q

Describe indirect contact (examples?)

A

Mode of transmission that is spread by non-living items (fomites)
ex. bedding, toothbrush. needles

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8
Q

Describe communicable diseases (examples?)

A

Diseases that spread from one host to another host

ex. chicken pox

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9
Q

Describe non-communicable diseases (examples?)

A

Diseases that spread from a source other than another host

ex. soil bacteria?

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10
Q

Describe droplet contact (examples?)

A

Transmission via sneeze, cough, laughing, exhaling

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11
Q

What is zoonosis

A

A disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals

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12
Q

What are kissing bugs

A

vectors for trypanosoma cruzi. they are biological vectors because the pathogen reproduces within the vector (i.e. the vector is part of the pathogens lifecycle)

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13
Q

What is a vector

A

a organism that carries a pathogen between hosts

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14
Q

What is a fomite

A

a non-living object capable of carrying infectious organisms and transferring them from one individual to another

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15
Q

Describe a deertick (Ixodes scapularis)

A

the tick vector for the bacterium that causes lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

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16
Q

What is yellow fever

A

disease caused by a virus spread through Aedes mosquitos

17
Q

What is MRSA

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Multi-drug Resistant S.A. It is a super-bug strain that has required immunity to many antibiotics including methicillin (a last resort drug)

18
Q

Describe nosocomial infections

A

Nosocomial infections are infections acquired by hospital patients (also called Hospital acquired infections)

19
Q

What are endemic diseases (Example)

A

Disease which is normal and regularly found in a given population at a predictable level
ex. influenza is endemic to canada

20
Q

What are epidemic diseases (example)

A

disease occurrence at a higher than usual frequency in a given population in a short period of time
ex. Zika virus, ebola

21
Q

What are pandemic diseases (examples)

A

A countrywide or worldwide epidemic

ex. 1918 flu pandemic, 2009 H1N1

22
Q

What are sporadic diseases (examples)

A

A few scattered cases

ex. measles outbreak at disneyland

23
Q

Describe four reservoirs of infections

A

A. Normal flora (opportunistic infections)
B. Human Carriers
C. Animal Reservoirs (Zoonosis)
D. Abiotic (Non- living sources)

24
Q

Describe three ways (with examples) disease can spread via direct contact

A
  1. Shaking hands with someone who has the flu
  2. Kissing someone infected with Mono (infectious Mononucleosis)
  3. Sexual contact with someone infected with chlamydia
25
Q

Describe three vehicles (with examples) that can transmit disease

A
  1. Waterborne- drinking water contaminated with feces or giardia
  2. Foodborne- eating undercooked chicken with salmonella
  3. Airborne- someone with a cold sneezes on your face
26
Q

Describe two vectors (with examples) that can transmit disease

A
  1. Mechanical Vectors- a fly’s foot contaminated by feces lands on the hosts food and they eat it
  2. Biological Vectors- A kissing bug bites you and now you have Trypanosoma cruzi
27
Q

What are nosocomial infections and how are they controlled?

A

Nosocomial infections are infections that are acquired in hospitals. They are controlled by hand hygiene, disinfecting surfaces, using gloves, infection control policies

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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