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Anatomy & Physiology > A&P Final > Flashcards

A&P Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pathophysiology

A

Study of the effects of diseases in the body

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2
Q

What is the role of the diaphragm

A

Controls breathing by contracting and relaxing during inhalation and exhalation

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3
Q

3 properties of water

A
  1. ) Essential reactant in chemical reactions of living systems
  2. ) Very high heat capacity
  3. ) Excellent solvent
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4
Q

What is a tumor

A

Mass produced by abnormal cell growth and division

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5
Q

What are benign tumors

A

Tumors which are usually encapsulated and rarely life threatening

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6
Q

What are malignant tumors

A

Tumors that spread from their original location through invasion, can also spread to distant tissues through the blood of lymph

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7
Q

What is osmosis

A

Passive process in which water moves from high concentration to low concentration

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8
Q

What is diffusion

A

Passive process in which molecules are in constant motion and collide in to each other and spread out from high concentration to low

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9
Q

What is an acid

A

chemical that neutralizes bases. pH under 7

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10
Q

What is a base

A

substance that neutralizes acids. pH over 7

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11
Q

What are buffers

A

a solution that resists changes in pH

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12
Q

What are proteins

A

Vital molecules that carry out many functions throughout the body

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13
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue

A

voluntary muscle tissue that moves or stabilizes position of the body. MULTINUCLEATED

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14
Q

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Striated involuntary muscle found only in heart

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15
Q

What is smooth muscle

A

Nonstriated involuntary muscle found in walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, and around respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts

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16
Q

Fun fact about smooth muscle

A

It can regenerate after injury

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17
Q

Effects of aging on muscle tissues

A

Body’s ability to repair damaged tissue decreases

Cancer is more likely to occur

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18
Q

Where is cilia found

A

On the surface of epithelial cells

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19
Q

What is the role of cilia

A

Used to move materials across the surface

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20
Q

What are the sebaceous glands?

A

Oil glands that discharge oily lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles.

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21
Q

What is the structure of hair?

A

Hair root which anchors the hair to skin and hair shaft which is the part we see on the surface

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22
Q

Functions of Hair

A
  • Protects scalp from uv light
  • Insulation for skull
  • prevents entry of foreign objects into nose, eyes, and ears
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23
Q

What are gliding joints?

A

Flat faces that slide across each other

ex. flat bones of wrist and ankles

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24
Q

What are hinge joints

A

permit angular movement in one plane

ex. elbow, knee

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25
Q

What are Condylar Joints

A

oval surface nestled within a depression on opposing surface

ex. wrist

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26
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

two bones that have concave face on one side and convex on the other
ex. of the thumb

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27
Q

What are pivot joints

A

permit rotation only

ex. in the neck to allow head rotation

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28
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

A

occur where the end of one bone is a round head that nests in the cup-shape depression in another bone
ex. shoulder joint

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29
Q

What is supination?

A

Turning palm to face front

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30
Q

What is pronation

A

turning palm to face back

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31
Q

What is extension

A

Movement to increase the angle

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32
Q

What is flexion

A

movement to decrease the angle between articulating bones relative to anatomical position

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33
Q

What are the roles of fontanelles

A

function to allow the baby’s brain to grow during the first year of life and to allow the baby’s head to pass through the birth canal

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34
Q

Action at the elbow: What are the flexor muscle

A
  • Biceps Brachii
  • Brachialis
  • Brachioradialis
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35
Q

Action at the elbow: What is the extensor muscle

A

Triceps brachii

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36
Q

Action at the ankle: What are the flexor muscles

A
  • Tibialis anterior

- Fibularis tertius

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37
Q

Action at the ankle: What are the extensor muscles

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Fibularis brevis
  • Fibularis longus
  • Plantaris
  • Soleus
  • Tibialis posterior
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38
Q

How do muscles maintain body temperature

A

Muscle contractions generate heat

ex. shivering

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39
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there

A

8

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40
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there

A

12

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41
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there

A

5

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42
Q

How many Sacral spinal nerves are there

A

5

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43
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there

A

1

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44
Q

What shape does the gray matter of the spinal cord make

A

rough H or butterfly

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45
Q

What are the three horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord called

A

Posterior gray horn, lateral gray horn, anterior gray horn

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46
Q

Three columns of the white matter of the spinal cord

A

Posterior white column, lateral white column, anterior white column

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47
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain

A

Temporal, parietal, frontal, occipital

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48
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe

A

Processes memories, sound sight and touch. Contains the auditory cortex and olfactory cortex

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49
Q

What is the function of the Occipital lobe

A

Primarily for vision. Contains visual cortex

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50
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe

A

Cognitive functions, and control of voluntary movement. Contains the gustatory cortex

51
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe

A

Processes information on temperature, taste, touch, and movement

52
Q

Which lobe is the Wernicke’s Area in and what is it for?

A

In the temporal lobe. It integrates sensory informtion and visual and auditory memory

53
Q

Which lobe is Broca’s area in and what is its function

A

Frontal lobe. It is the speech center. It regulates breathing and vocalization required for speech

54
Q

Function of Olfactory nerves and what are their roman numeral

A

Carry sensory information concerning sense of smell. Roman numeral: I

55
Q

Function of optic nerves and their roman numeral

A

Carry sensory visual information from eyes to brain

roman numeral: II

56
Q

Function of Oculomotor nerves and their roman numeral

A

Motor nerves that innervate the eye muscles that move the eyeball and control pupil size
Roman numeral III

57
Q

Function of trochlear nerves and their roman numeral

A

Motor nerves that innervate the superior oblique muscle of the eyes
Roman numeral IV

58
Q

Function of Trigeminal Nerves and their roman numeral

A 
Mixed nerves (sensory/motor) provides sensory input from opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular (all around face) and motor control to chewing muscles
Roman numeral V
59
Q

Function of abducens nerves and their roman numeral

A

Motor nerves that innervate the rectus eye muscle

Roman numeral VI

60
Q

Function of the facial nerves and their roman numeral

A

Mixed nerves. Sensory nerves monitor proprioception in the face and provide taste information. Motor nerves provide facial expressions and control tear and salivary gllands
Roman Numeral VII

61
Q

Function and roman numeral of Vetibulocochlear nerves

A

Sensory nerves respond to receptors in the ear that convey info about balance and position and sense of hearing
Roman numeral VIII

62
Q

Function and roman numeral of glossopharyngeal nerves

A

mixed nerves. sensory provide taste sensation and monitor BP and blood gases
motor controls muscles used in swallowing
roman numeral IX

63
Q

Function and roman numeral of Vagus nerves

A

Mixed nerves. sensory input from ears, diaphragm, taste receptors, and visceral receptors. Motor control muscle of pharynx and esophagus as well as ANS output to cardiac muscle
roman numeral X

64
Q

Function and roman numeral of accessory nerves

A

motor nerves innervating muscles of the head and neck

roman numeral XI

65
Q

Function and roman numeral of hypoglossal nerves

A

provide voluntary motor control of the tongue

roman numeral XII

66
Q

What are nociceptors

A

Receptors that respond to pain

67
Q

What are the 3 types of pain and a brief description

A
  1. Fast pain-Localized, transmits quickly due to myelinated axons
  2. Slow pain- identified as a general area involved (not localized)
  3. Referred pain-perception of pain is in an unrelated to area of body
68
Q

What is insulin?

A

Hormone that decreases blood glucose

69
Q

What is the role of the nervous system

A

maintains homeostasis

70
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH and Oxytocin

71
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin

A

stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells which increases the oxygen carrying capacity

72
Q

Structure of Hemoglobin

A

Composed of two pairs of globular proteins, each pair contains a heme

73
Q

Function of Hemoglobin

A

maintain O2 homeostasis

74
Q

What are white blood cells

A

cells that help to defend the body against pathogens. they also remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells

75
Q

What are four types of WBCs

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, and Basophils

76
Q

Describe neutrophils

A
  • Make up 50-70% of circulating WBCs
  • usually first WBC to arrive at injury site
  • Very active phagocytes
77
Q

Describe Eosinophils

A
  • make up 2-4% of circulating WBCs

- are phagocytic but also attack through exocytosis of toxic compounds

78
Q

Describe Basophils

A
  • rare, less than 1%

- release heparin and histamine

79
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A
  • 20-40% of circulating WBCs

- some attack foreign cells, others secrete antibodies

80
Q

What are platelets

A

element in blood that initiates clotting process and helps to close injured blood vessels

81
Q

What is anemia

A

Reduction in the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity

82
Q

What is bradycardia

A

heart rate slower than 60 bpm

83
Q

What is tachycardia

A

Heart rate faster than 100 bpm

84
Q

How does blood return to the from systemic circulation

A

through veins and through the vena cava

85
Q

What is the function of the ventricles

A

right ventricle- pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit

left ventricle- pumps blood into the systemic circuit

86
Q

Function of the atria

A

right atrium- receives blood from the systemic circuit

left atrium- receives blood from the pulmonary circuit

87
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium-outermost
  2. Myocardium-muscular middle layer
  3. Endocardium- Covers insides of chambers and heart valves
88
Q

What is the tricuspid valve

A

right atrioventricular valve

89
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve

A

To prevent back-flow of blood back into the atrium

90
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

91
Q

How is ADH involved in cardiovascular regulation

A

Results in peripheral vasoconstriction which elevates BP

92
Q

How is Angiotensin involved in cardiovascular regulation

A

When BP decreases the kidneys secrete renin which converts angiotensin to angiotensin II which stimulates cardiac output and arteriolar constriction to increase BP

93
Q

How is Erythropoietin involved in cardiovascular regulation

A

released by kidneys when BP drops or plasma oxygen drops and stimulates red blood cell production to increase blood volume and BP and improve oxygen-carrying capacity

94
Q

What changes the viscosity of blood?

A

Changes in plasma proteins or hematocrit (decreased hematocrit=less viscous)

95
Q

How do changes in blood viscosity affect it’s flow

A

Low-viscosity blood can flow at low pressures but high-viscosity blood can only flow under high pressures

96
Q

How does placental blood supply work?

A
  1. deoxygenated blood from fetus flows through umbilical arteies
  2. CO2 cross to mother while O2 difuses from mother to fetus
97
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Peak pressure measured during ventricular contraction

98
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

Minimum pressure at the end of ventricular relaxation

99
Q

Role of Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

100
Q

Role of veins

A

return blood to the heart

101
Q

Role of capillaries

A

Where chemical and gaseous exchange occurs

102
Q

What happens when the immune system does not function properly

A

may have immunodeficiency disease

103
Q

What is SCID

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Happens when infants fail to develop cell-mediated or antibody-mediated immunity

104
Q

What is AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Is a result of viral destruction of helper T cells. causing a weakened immune system

105
Q

Structure of antibodies

A

Y-shaped protein with two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains

106
Q

6 functions of antibodies

A
  1. Neutralization- prevents antigen from binding to cell
  2. Precipitation and agglutination
  3. Activation of complement
  4. Attract phagocytes
  5. Enhance phagocytosis
  6. Stimulate inflammation
107
Q

Dysfunctions of the lymph nodes

A

Lymphedema- swelling due to accumulation of fluid in the tissues

108
Q

Role of T cells

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells, directly attack foreign cells
  • Helper T cells, Stimulate T and B cells
  • Suppressor T cells, inhibit T and B cells
109
Q

Role of B cells

A

Secrete antibodies and are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

110
Q

What is the role of the spleen

A
  • filters blood, removing abnormal blood cells and components
  • Stores iron
111
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

between stomach, left kidney, and diaphragm

112
Q

Respiratory changes at birth

A
  • Powerful contractions of muscles of inspiration overcome surface tension to inflate lungs,
  • drop of pressure that pulls are into lungs also pulls blood into pulmonary vessels
113
Q

Respiratory system before delivery

A

Pulmonary vessels are collapsed, lungs contain no air

114
Q

What happens during inhalation

A

Increase in volume, decrease in pressure inside.

Lower Pi than Po= air is drawn inside the lungs

115
Q

What happens during exhalation

A

Decrease in volume, increase in pressure inside. Higher Pi than Po= air is drawn out of lungs

116
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

inherited disease causing sticky secretions that block passageways and make it difficult to breathe and leads to frequent bacterial infections

117
Q

What is pneumonia

A

an inflammation of the lungs due to bacterial or viral infection.Fluid collects in the alveoli and bronchioles swell restricting air flow, results in deterioration of respiratory function

118
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

bacterial infection of the lungs that can spread to other organs

119
Q

Role of surfactant

A

Helps keep alveoli open by reduces surface tension

120
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Low tissue oxygen

121
Q

Why is Anoxia

A

Supply of oxygen is completely cut off

122
Q

What is the larynx

A

voicebox

123
Q

3 largest cartilages of the larynx

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Thyroid cartilage
  3. Cricoid cartilage

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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