mm pp 4 Flashcards
Innate Response to Bacteria
Inflammation, Complement, Phagocytosis with neutrophils + Dendritic Cells + Macrophages
Adaptive Immune Response to Bacteria
B and T Cell activation, Ab Production (IgM, IgG, IgA)
Bacterial Compounds that Provoke the Immune Response
LPS (Endotoxin), Lipotechoic Acid, Glycolipids and Glycopeptides, Polyanions, Peptidoglycan Fragments
LPS
Endotoxin. Secretes IL-1, IL-6, TNF-Alpha, and chemokins.Cause Fever which increase DCs, Macrophages, and B-Cells.
Help Evade Immune Response
Capsules can prevent Phagocytosis, Virulence Factors can help evade IR, Toxins/Superantigens-Cytokine storm
IR to Virus
IFN Alpha and Beta; NK Cells-Cytotoxic for infected Cells; CD1:TH4 Cells-Inflammation, activate CD8, NK, and Macrophages; CD8’s- Cytotoxic; Antibodies- Neutralizing; Macrophages-Phagocytosis and APC
Many symptoms of viral infections are due to _________ to the virus
Effects of Immune Response
Immune Response to Fungi
PMNs, Macrophages, Antimicrobial Peptides, Ab and CD4s, TH1 and TH17
Immune Response to Parasites
IgE, Eosinophils, Mast Cells, Macrophages, PMN’s and CD4’s
How viruses evade IR
Change or hide Ags, Ag Variation, Virokine-Interfere with IFN and other cytokines, reduce expression of MHC 1
How Fungi evade IR
Very similar to host and as such are hard to recognize.
How parasites evade IR
Alter Ag’s, intracellular, Cysts, inhibit Phagocytosis
Hypersensitivities
Immediate (IgE) and Delayed(Cell Mediated)
Immunodeficiencies
Genetic and Aquired
Herd Immunity
Large Group Resistant=All resistant so it cant spread
Natural Active
Recover from disease
Natural Passiv
Maternal Abs to Fetus
Artificial Active
Vaccination
Artificial Passive
Gamma-Globulin Shot
Adoptive
Transplant of Immuno-cells
Successes of Vaccines
Smallpox
Difficult Vaccines to make
HIV, HSV, Malaria, Colds, S. Mutans
Attenuated viruses can revert to _____________
Virulent
Hypersensitivities to viruses include_____________
Chicken eggs being used in Influenza Vaccines
Vaccine Type: Non-virulent strain
Introduce Non-virulent strain so that your body recognizes and adapts to the virulent strain
Vaccine Type: Killed or Inactivated
produce inactivated vaccines by killing the disease-causing microbe with chemicals, heat, or radiation. Take large amount of the virus and inactivate with something like Formaldehyde so that it kills it but leaves epitopes to be recognized.
Vaccine Type: Attenuated
reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable
Vaccine Type: Purified Ag
subunit vaccines include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system
Vaccine Type: Genetically Manipulated
Recombinant vector vaccines are experimental vaccines similar to DNA vaccines, but they use an attenuated virus or bacterium to introduce microbial DNA to cells of the body
Vaccine Type: Toxoid
they can inactivate toxins by treating them with formalin, a solution of formaldehyde and sterilized water
Vaccine Type: DNA Vaccine
Idea to incorporate DNA into human system to form a tolerance to the virus and allow immune system to deal with it. Experimental.
Vaccine Type: Monoclonal
Passive immunization involves the production of antibodies in one animal by active immunization. These antibodies can be stored (as immune globulins) and then administered to susceptible animals to confer immediate but short-lived protection
