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mm pp 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

A

Both parties benefit-Symbionts

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2
Q

How are bacteria helping humans by being inside of them?

A

Compete with pathogens that enter the body, Help to digest food and carbs

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3
Q

Colonization

A

Primarily Transient or permanent with no harm to the host

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4
Q

Pathogens

A

Produce disease-Harmful to the host

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5
Q

Strict Pathogen

A

Always cause disease

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6
Q

Examples of disease by strict pathogens

A

TB, Malaria, gonorrhea

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7
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Usually normal commensal that becomes harmful if provided the right conditions

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8
Q

Examples of opportunistic pathogens

A

Staph., Strep, E.Coli, Candida

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9
Q

Immunocompromised

A

Faulty immune system that makes the individual more susceptible to infection

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10
Q

Ubiquitous

A

Found everywhere

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11
Q

Antibiotics alter your __________

A

microflora

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12
Q

Microbiome can alter how susceptible people are to __________

A

infectious diseases

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13
Q

Common Skin Commensals

A

Staph Aureus or Epidermis, Micrococcus Luteus,

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14
Q

Common skin commensal that causes acne

A

Propionibacteria

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15
Q

Skin commensal that spends a limited time on the skin

A

Streptococcus

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16
Q

Characteristics of Skin commensals

A

Able to survive hostile environments such as temperature, low nutrients, etc.; Like moisture and folds on skin

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17
Q

Common skin commensals that cause BO

A

S. epidermis, and M. Luteus

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18
Q

Common Anaerobic Upper respiratory Commensals

A

Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, Actinomyces, fusobacterium

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19
Q

Common Aerobic Upper respiratory Commensals

A

Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Candida

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20
Q

Candida is a ___________ yeast

A

ubiquitous

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21
Q

Common Nose Commensals

A

Corynebacterium, staph and strep

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22
Q

Common Mouth Commensals

A

S. mutans

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23
Q

Causes Biofilms on teeth

A

S. Mutans

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24
Q

There are 10-100 times more _________ than _________

A

anaerobes than aerobes

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25
Q

Rhizopus

A

Common Red Mold

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26
Q

Your lower respiratory tract has fewer __________ than upper respiratory tract

A

Commensals

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27
Q

Most Lower Respiratory Tract Commensals are ___________

A

Transient

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28
Q

Chronic Aspiration is Commonly caused by ___________

A

Peptostreptococcus

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29
Q

Common Eye Commensals

A

Coagulase Negative staph, Same as in upper respiratory system

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30
Q

Common Ear Commensals

A

Coagulase Negative Staph, Fungal Growth if moist

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31
Q

Eyes and Ears are both commonly colonized by _____________

A

Coagulase Negative Staph

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32
Q

___________ is secreted by tear ducts to kill bacteria in the eyes

A

Lysozyme

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33
Q

Common Stomach Commensals

A

Very few Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Helicobacter pylori

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34
Q

Stomach Commensals must be able to survive ___________ and ___________

A

HCl and Pepsinogen (pH extremes is also acceptable)

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35
Q

Common Small Intestine Commensals

A

Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, and prevotella

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36
Q

Common Esophagus Commensals

A

Same as stomach and mouth

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37
Q

Common mouth commensals are ______ and _______

A

transient and diverse

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38
Q

There are _______ bacteria per gram of feces

A

10^11

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39
Q

Bacteria makes up ______% of fecal mass

40
Q

GI tract commensals are _________ times more anaerobic than aerobic

41
Q

1% of intestinal flora is _________

42
Q

Common Large intestine Bacteria

A

Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Bacterioides, Enterococcus, E Coli, Clostridia, Candida

43
Q

Bacteria in the Large intestine help to produce Vitamin ____

44
Q

Opportunistic Anaerobic Pathogen in the Large Intestine

A

Bacterioides fragilis

45
Q

Opportunistic Aerobic Pathogen in the Large Intestine

A

Escherichia Coli

46
Q

Three types of GI Enterotypes

A
  1. Bacterioides, 2. Prevotella, 3. Ruminococcus-Most common
47
Q

Common Commensals in Anterior Urethra

A

Lactobacilli, streptococci, staphylococci

48
Q

Vaginal Commensals (Change with hormone differences)

A

Streptococci, enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Mycoplasma, Candida, Ureaplasma, Gardnerella, Staph., Lactobacilli (after estrogen increase in puberty)

49
Q

Urine can contain __________ bacterial cells/mL

50
Q

Common Respiratory Pathogens-Upper

A

s. pyogenes, s. pnuemoniae, s. aureus, N. meningitidis, H. influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, enterobacteriaceae

51
Q

Common Respiratory Pathogens-Lower

A

S. pneumoniae, s. aureus, Klebsiella sp., Anaerobic bacteria from upper respiratory tract, Candida Albicans, Coccidiodes, Blastomyces

52
Q

Common Fungal Microbes in Lower Respiratory Tract

A

Histoplasma, Coccidiodes, Blastomyces

53
Q

Common Eye Pathogens

A

S. Pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. Influenza, N. Gonorrheae, Chlamydia, Trachomatis, Ps. aeruginosa, B. cereus

54
Q

Common Ear Pathogens

A

S. pneumoniae, Ps. aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae

55
Q

Common Esophagus, Stomach, and small intestine Pathogens

A

Candida sp., Herpes Simplex, Cyromegalovirus, H. Pylori, Salmonella, Camylobacter

56
Q

Common Large Intestine Pathogens

A

Bacteriodes fragilis (anaerobic), E. coli (aerobic), Shigella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, C. difficile, Entamoeba histolytica (amoeba)

57
Q

Blind Loop Syndrome

A

Where flora from large intestine get into small intestine

58
Q

Genitourinary Tract Pathogens

A

N. gonorrheae, C. Trachomatis, Actinomyces, Candida, Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella, Mobiluncus, HSV, HPV

59
Q

Sterilization

A

Total destruction of all microbes including spores

60
Q

Disinfection

A

Most organisms are destroyed, but not resistant cells and spores

61
Q

Antisepsis

A

Removing microbes from the skin or other living tissue

62
Q

Germicidal

A

Microbe killing agent, spores survive though

63
Q

Sporicide

A

Capable of killing bacterial spores

64
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Kills bacteria

65
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits multiplication of bacteria

66
Q

Biocide

A

Antimicrobial Chemical-General

67
Q

Antimicrobial

A

Wide range of microbes are effected

68
Q

Moist Heat can sterilize at ________

A

121 degrees Celsius at 15 lbs for 15 minutes (Called Autoclaving)

69
Q

Moist Heat can Disinfect at __________

A

75-100 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes

70
Q

Dry heat can sterilize at ________

A

121 degrees Celsius for 16 hrs or 160 degrees Celsius for 2 hrs

71
Q

Dry heat to sterilize glassware is done at __________

A

160-170 degrees celsius for 1 hour

72
Q

Pasteurization is done at ___________

A

71.7 Degrees Celsius for 15-20 Seconds (Also used to kill germs in food and drinks)

73
Q

HEPA filters have pore sizes of __________

A

0.22-0.45 micrometers

74
Q

UV radiation

A

Used to sterilize surfaces and HEPA filters (254nm) Can kill DNA

75
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

Sterilizing method used on Liquids and Surfaces. Can kill DNA. Uses Microwaves and Gamma Waves. Has poor penetration

76
Q

Incineration

77
Q

Ethylene Oxide

A

C2H4O2, Gaseous Sterilizing Agent used on rooms and plastics. Flammable and Carcinogenic (Used on pre-packaged hospitall materials)

78
Q

Formaldehyde Vapor

A

CH2O, Used to sterilize HEPA filters; carcinogenic

79
Q

H2O2 Vapor

A

Used to sterilize Instruments and filters; is an oxidizing agent and toxic

80
Q

Plasma Gas

A

Gaseous Sterilizing Agent. Is H2O2 gas exposed to microwaves and radio waves which produce free radicals; non-toxic and may replace ethylene oxide; can be used on plastics

81
Q

Peracetic Acid

A

CH3COOH, Chemical Sterilizing Agent used on surfaces. It is an organic peroxide that oxidizes with safe end products of acetic acid and O2

82
Q

Gluteraldehyde

A

COC3H6CO, Used to sterilize Instruments. Very toxic and used as a fixative. Kill proteins and DNA

83
Q

High Level Disinfectants

A

Kills all microbial Pathogens, Cannot inactivate a large number of bacterial spores:

84
Q

Examples of High Level Disinfectants

A

Moist heat, gluteraldehyde, H2O2, peracetic acid and chlorine

85
Q

Intermediate Level Disinfectants

A

Kills microbial pathogens but not bacterial endospores

86
Q

Intermediate Level Disinfectants are used on

A

Flexible Endoscopes, Laryngoscpes, Specula, for anesthesia

87
Q

High level disinfectants are used on

A

plastics- Endoscopes and surgical equipment

88
Q

Intermediate Level disinfectants Examples

A

Alcohols, Phenolic cpds, iodophor cpds

89
Q

Low Level Disinfectants

A

Kills bacterial Cells and inactivates enveloped viruses and some naked viruses

90
Q

Low level disinfectants are used on

A

Blood Pressure Cuffs, Stethoscopes

91
Q

Low Level Disinfectants Examples

A

Quaternary Ammonium cpds

92
Q

Clostridium Difficile is a huge problem in hospitals because __________________

A

It creates Spores and is not effected by the antimicrobial gels used in hospitals

93
Q

Quaternary Ammonium compounds are commonly found in _____________

94
Q

Examples of Disinfectants

A

Moist Heat, Gluteraldehyde, Hydrogen Peroxide, Formaldehyde-2%, Chlorine Dioxide (CLO2), Peracetic Acid, Chlorine Compounds like CL2, Iodine Compounds, Alcohol, Phenolic Compounds

95
Q

Antiseptic Agents

A

Isopropanol and ethanol, Iodophors, Chlorohexidine (Soaps), Parachlorometaxylenol (kills only Gram +), Triclosan (in deodorant soaps), Hydrogen Peroxide (Not always effective as catalase detoxifies it before bacteria are affected

Med Micro Exam 1 (4 decks)

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