ML Metabolism L 1, 5 & 6 I think Flashcards
a high intracellular concentration of ATP will have what effect on the rate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
decrease in rate of glycolysis & increase in rate of gluconeogenesis
can the body make fatty acids?
yes
does glycogen have high or low osmotic potential? and why?
low
so doesn’t bring in lots of water as it would if it was glucose and cause the cell to explode
GLUCONEOGENESIS
new glucose synthesised by the body
making new glucose
Gluconeogenic substrates meaning?
what we can use to make glucose
Gluconeogenic substrates
> Lactate from anaerobic glycolysis
Amino acids
Glycerol from TAG’s
glycogen is a storage molecule containing which of the following types of glycosidic bonds?
Alpha 1,4 and Alpha 1,6
how does NAD become NADH
redox reaction, accepting a hydrogen and electron
how is energy released from ATP?
energy is released when the bonds between the 3 phosphates are hydrolysed (broken)
how is glycogen used in the liver?
using glycogen to maintain blood glucose levels
how is glycogen used in the muscles?
to power muscle contractions
how many carbons are usually the end point of fatty acid synthesis?
16 carbons is the usual end point of synthase
how many electron transport complexes are present in the mitochondiral electron transport chain?
4
how many electron transport complexes transfer protons (H+) to the inner mitochondrial space?
3
is citric acid cycle, catabolic, anabolic or both?
can be both
key points of stage 2 - catabolism (give 3 answers)
1) Intracellular cytoplasmic and mitochondrial
2) Some energy back by substrate phosphorylation
3) Many pathways
4) Bbm –> even simpler molecules
5) Oxidative process
6) Requires NAD+, NADP+ FAD
key points stage 3 catabolism (2 answers)
1) Mitochondria
2) One pathway Krebbs cycle
role of NADP (dont get mixed up with NAD)
Used in anabolic process as a form od reducing power to make other molecules
some key points of stage 1- catabolism? give 3 answers
1) happens outside the cell
2) no ATP produced
3) Breaking complex molecules into smaller ones so we can get them into our cells
what are the two classes of metabolic pathways?
catabolic
anabolic
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
what does OILRIG stand for?
oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
what is ATP made of?
Adenine base, ribose sugar and triphosphate
what is glycogen used for?
vital for glucose requiring tissues
what is lipid (triacylglycerol) used for
largest energy store
what is metabolism?
Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions linked where one molecule is converted
to another molecule
what is muscle protein needed for?
important in prolonged starvation
what is the anabolic pathway
formation of complex molecules from simpler ones by utilising energy
what is the catabolic pathway?
breaking complex molecules down into simpler ones
what is the role of NAD (2 roles)
1) electron carrier
2) used to make ATP in oxidative phosphorylation
when does GLUCONEOGENESIS occur?
when liver glycogen runs out
where do we get energy from? give 3 sources
> carbs > lipids > proteins > water > vitamins
where does ATP hold energy?
Holds energy because of phosphoanhydride bonds (bonds between 3 phosphates
where does GLUCONEOGENESIS occur?
liver
where does the body make fatty acids?
cytoplasm
where in the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane
why do we need energy? give 3 reasons
> mechanical work i.e cell movement, muscle contractions
active transport of molecules and ions
synthetic processes for growth and renewal
