Mitotic cell cycle

Question 1

In the cell cycle, what is the interphase consisted of? Explain them. (3)

Answer 1

G1 - Growth phase, cellular content is duplicated
S - DNA replication/synthesis
G2 - Growth phase, DNA is checked for errors.

Question 2

What happens to the cell in the case of an error (say damaged DNA)?

Answer 2

Apoptosis (Cell Self-destruction)

Question 3

State all 4 phases of the mitotic cell cycle

Answer 3

> (PMAT)

> Prophase

> Metaphase

> Anaphase

> Telophase

Question 4

Explain what happens when the cell undergoes prophase

Answer 4

While the nucleus is still present, the DNA becomes condensed and the nucleolus disappears. Centrioles have seperated & taken position on opposite sides of the cell and spindle fibers form.

(nucleous disappears, DNA condensed, nucleolus disappears, centrioles seperate and move, and spindle fibers form)

Question 5

Explain what happens when the cell undergoes metaphase

Answer 5

Chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell and spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatid

(chromosomes line up, spindle fibers connect)

Question 6

Explain what happens when the cell undergoes anaphase

Answer 6

Centromeres that join the sister chromatids split resulting in each sister chromatid to move to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 7

Explain what happens when the cell undergoes telophase

Answer 7

Chromosomes begin uncoiling into chromatins and spindle fibers break down and the nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes.

Question 8

What happens in cytokinesis?

Answer 8

The division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells.

Question 9

What is the importance of telomeres? (2)

Answer 9

> Limits the number of times a cell can duplicate

> Makes sure the end of the DNA molecule are not left out during mitosis

Question 10

What is the enzyme that extends telomeres?

Answer 10

Telomerase

Question 11

What is the basic definition of a stem cell?

Answer 11

A stem cell is a cell that can make copies of itself and turn into different types of specialized cells

Question 12

What is the name given to the ability to vary into different cells?

Answer 12

Potency

Question 13

What do we call a cell that can produce any type of cell?

Answer 13

Totipotent

Question 14

What do we call a cell that can develop into anything that will lead to the development of the embryo?

Answer 14

Pluripotent

Question 15

What do we call a cell that can only produce a few types of cells?

Answer 15

Multipotent

Question 16

Give an example of a totipotent cell

Answer 16

Zygote

Question 17

Give an example of a pluripotent cell

Answer 17

Embryotic stem cell

Question 18

Give an example of a multipotent cell

Answer 18

RBC mother cell

Question 19

What is the basic definition of cancer?

Answer 19

uncontrolled mitosis (to form a tumor)

Question 20

Give examples of carcinogens (4)

Answer 20

> Chemicals

> Radiation

> Oncoviruses (viruses)

> Oncogenes

Question 21

What is a benign tumor?

Answer 21

Tumor that doesnt spread from its site of origin

Question 22

What is a malignant tumor?

Answer 22

A tumor that spreads to other regions (And interferes with bodily functions such as blocking blood vessels)

Question 23

What is metastasis?

Answer 23

The spreading of tumor cells/cancer cells

Question 24

Describe the stages of cancer (4)

Answer 24

Once a gene is mutated, cancer cells start dividing uncontrollably. As the tumor grows, the cancer cells change in shape and structure. Blood vessels start supplying nutrients to the tumor, helping it grow even more. Eventually, through a process called metastasis, cancer cells spread to other parts of the body.