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Wheres Jai? > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

State 4 features found in both animal and plant cells

A

Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria

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2
Q

State the features found only in either a plant cell or an animal cell (4)

A

> Centrioles (animal)

> Cell wall (plant)

> Large central vacuole (plant)

> Chloroplast (plant)

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3
Q

State the formula for magnification

A

magnification = observed image size / actual size

triangle:
. . I . .
.A . M .

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4
Q

Define magnification

A

The number of times larger an image of an object is than the actual size of the object.

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5
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish details between two objects very close together

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6
Q

Convert nano meter to micrometer to millimeter

A

1,000,000 nm -> 1000 um
1000 um -> 1mm

or:

(1,000 nm -> 1 um
1 um -> 0.001 mm)

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7
Q

Distinguish between an electron microscope and a light microscope

A

Electron microscope: Used to see things smaller than 200 nm. Has better resolution than a light microscope
Light microscope: Used to see things bigger than 200 nm. Can pick up colours using colour dyes.

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8
Q

Distinguish between a TEM (transmission electron microscope) and a SEM (scanning electron microscope).

A

TEM (transmission electron microscope): electrons go through the specimen, forms 2D images and produces a higher resolution in comparison to a SEM
SEM (scanning electron microscope): Scans specimen, forms 3D images and produces a lower resolution in comparison to a TEM

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9
Q

State the role of the nucleus (3)

A

stores DNA
production of rRNA
production of RNA (rRNA , tRNA, mRNA)

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus (4)

A

> Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus
Chromatin

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11
Q

What form does an uncondensed and condensed DNA take?

A

uncondensed: chromatin, loose and unpacked -> before cell division,
condensed: chromosome, packed and dense -> during cell division

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12
Q

Which ribosomes can be found in the mitochondria and chloroplast?

A

70s ribosomes

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13
Q

Which ribosomes can be found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

(nucleus) Eukaryotic: 80s
(no nucleus) Prokaryotic: 70s

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14
Q

Which microscope can ribosomes be seen with?

A

electron microscopes

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15
Q

Which 2 key components are ribosomes made up of?

A

rRNA and (ribosomal) proteins

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16
Q

differentiate between rRNA , tRNA and mRNA

A

rRNA: A major component of ribosomes
tRNA: Brings amino acids to ribosomes (to synthesise proteins)
mRNA: Carries genetic instructions from the DNA to the rest of the cell (ribosomes)

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17
Q

Differentiate between the rough ER and the smooth ER by structure

A

The rough ER has membrane-bound ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance, while the membrane-bound ribosomes are absent in the smooth ER.

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18
Q

State the function of the rough ER

A

Protein synthesis, modification and folding

19
Q

State the function of the smooth ER (5)

A

Lipid synthesis
Steroid synthesis
Carbohydrate metabolism
Detoxification
Storing calcium ions

20
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus

A

made up of a series of stacked, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae and forming a lumen. It has a cis face (receiving side) and a trans face (shipping side).

21
Q

State the functions of the golgi apparatus (5)

A

> Lysosome synthesis

> Glycoprotein synthesis (sugar + protein)

> Glycolipid synthesis (sugar + lipid)

> Synthesis of polysaccharides (formation of new cell wall in plant cells)

> modifying, sorting, and packaging various biomolecules

22
Q

State the enzymes found in lysosomes (5)

A

> Hydrolases

> Proteases

> Lipaseases

> Nucleases

> Lysozymes

23
Q

State the function of lysosomes (3)

A

> Endocytosis: Digests materials taken into the cell

> Exocytosis: The lysosome may be released from the cell for extracellular digestion

> Self digestion: Lysosome contents are released into the cytoplasm for self digestion
-Autophagy: digestion of organelles (unnecessary or damaged)
-Apoptosis: digestion of the cell (cell death)

24
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria (6):

A

> Double membrane (envelope)

> Outermembrane

> Innermembrane

> Intermembrane

> Cristae

> Matrix
(70s ribosomes and circular DNA can be found within the matrix.)

25
Q

State the function of the mitochondria (3)

A

> Carries out aerobic respiration

> Synthesis of ATP

> Storing calcium ions

26
Q

What is the role of the Cristae?

A

increased surface area, allowing for more enzymes to attach, which in turn increases the synthesis of ATP

27
Q

What makes up centrioles?

A

microtubules

28
Q

Which monomer makes up protofilaments (by polymerization)?

A

Dimers (made up by alpha and beta tubulins)

29
Q

______ Is the main component of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules

30
Q

Describe the structure of the centriole

A

Long, rigid, hollow tubes made up of 9 microtubule triplets
(Found near the nucleus)

31
Q

Where does the assembly and breakdown of microtubules take place?

A

MTOC (microtubule organizing center) / Centrosome

32
Q

What are the 2 components of the centrosome?

A

The mother and daughter centrioles

33
Q

What are the cilia and flagella made up of?

A

Centrioles and microtubules

34
Q

Describe the structure of the cilia/flagella

A

Basal body (made up of centrioles)
Axoneme (arised from the basal body, made up of microtubules)

35
Q

Describe the axoneme structure

A

9+2 formation of microtubules. (9 sets around, 2 in the center).
2 in the center: complete (13 protofilaments)
9 sets around, in each pair, 1 complete (A - 13), 1 incomplete (B - 10), complete one has dynein arms connected from the A microtubule to the B microtubule for movement.

36
Q

Describe the chloroplast structure (3)

A

> Chloroplast envelope (double membrane)

> Outer membrane

> Inner membrane

  • (Within the chloroplast):

> Thylakoids (forms grana when stacked)

> Stroma (fluid-like substance around the grana)

> Lipid droplet (in stroma)

> Starch grain (in stroma)

37
Q

State where the light dependent and independent reaction takes place

A

Light dependent: Thylakoid membrane (chlorophyll)
Light independent Stroma

37
Q

Explain the use of stroma

A

Contains starch grains, lipid droplets, circular DNA, 70s ribosomes, RNA, and enzymes

38
Q

State the properties of the cell wall (4)

A

> Rigid

> Inelastic

> High tensile strength

> Freely permeable

39
Q

What is the function/role of the cell wall? (5)

A

> Mechanical strength

> Prevent cell from bursting

> Helps determine shape

> Cells of the roots endodermis contain subserin

> Allows for apoplastic pathway

40
Q

Explain what the apoplast is

A

A pathway for movement of substances between neighboring plant cell walls.

41
Q

State difference of vacuoles in plants and animals

A

In animals: small, temporary and are typically phagocytic vacuoles
In plants: very large, and acts as lysosomes and storage.

42
Q

State the function of vacuoles (5)

A

> Support (making it turgid)

> Lysosomal activites (contains hydrolases)

> Growth in size

> Storage (Calcium ions, waste product, etc.)

> Food reserves (Storing sucrose, mineral salts, protein storing)

Wheres Jai? (11 decks)

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