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Wheres Jai? > Biological molecules > Flashcards

Biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Define: “Anabolism”

A

Synthesis of small particles into larger molecules

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2
Q

Define: “Catabolism”

A

Breakdown of larger molecules to smaller particles

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3
Q

Give 4 examples of micromolecules

A

Amino acids, Fatty acids, Monosaccharides, Nucleotides

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4
Q

Give 4 examples of macromolecules

A

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, DNA/RNA

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5
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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6
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

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7
Q

Give 4 examples of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose, Inulin

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8
Q

State the general formula of carbohydrates

A

Cn(H2O)n

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9
Q

State the general formula of monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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10
Q

State the difference between alpha-gluclose & beta-glucose

A

Alpha-glucose has its hydroxide group below the first carbon atom, while beta-glucose has its hydroxide group above the first carbon atom.

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11
Q

State 2 roles of monosaccharides in living organisms

A

Source of energy in respiration (glucose) & building blocks for larger molecules.

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12
Q

Explain how monosaccharides (glucose) are good sources of energy.

A

Due to its large number of CH bonds, when broken up, it releases energy (ATP)

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13
Q

Explain the difference between a condensation reaction and hydrolysis in monosaccharides

A

Condensation: How 2 monosaccharides join together to form disaccharides
Hydrolysis; Addition of water, reverse of condensation—breaks up a disaccharide to form 2 monosaccharides

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14
Q

Which polysaccharide(s) make up starch?

A

Alpha-glucose amylose and amylopectin

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15
Q

State the difference between amylopectin and amylose

A

Amylose: A polysaccharide joined by many 1,4-linked alpha glucose molecules. (Spring-like structure)
Amylopectin: A polysaccharide joined by many 1,4-linked alpha glucose molecules & 1,6- linked alpha gluclose molecules (Branched-structure due to 1,6 linkages)

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16
Q

Which polysaccharide(s) make up glycogen?

A

Alpha-glucose amylopectin

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17
Q

Which polysaccharide(s) make up cellulose?

A

Beta-glucose, 1-4 beta linkages

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18
Q

List the properties of cellulose (4)

A

Very high tensile strength, provides support, responsible for cell expansion, freely premeable
OR
> Higher tensile strength

> freely permeable

> mechanical strength

> inelastic

19
Q

List 3 lipids

A

Triglyceride, phospholipids, and cholesterol

20
Q

Describe the structure of Triglycerol

A

3 fatty acids that link to a glycerol molecule, forming an ester bond on each bond between an amino acid and the glycerol.

21
Q

State the properties of lipids (6)

A

Hydrophobic, non-polar, energy reserves, insulation against loss of heat, buoyance, metabolic source of water

21
Q

Explain why lipids are good for storage (3)

A

doesnt dissolve in water/bodily fluids, doesnt affect osmotic balance, has higher calorific values than carbohydrates

22
Q

Describe the structure of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids and one phosphate group attaches to the glycerol, phosphoester bond between phosphate and glycerol and ester bond between the amino acids and glycerol.

23
Q

Explain why unsaturated lipids (plants) are healthy.

A

Dissolves easily / lower melting point

24
Q

state the role of proteins (Forms: __) (5)

A

Haemoglobin, antibodies, makes up all enzymes, keratin (makes hair, surface layer of skin, nails), Collagen (makes up our bones and wall of arteries)

25
Q

State the name of the bond between amino acids that form proteins.

A

Peptide bond

26
Q

Describe the structure of an amino acid

A

Amine group - R group - carboxylic acid
(NH2 - R - COOH)

27
Q

(In proteins) Explain what a ‘primary structure’ is

A

A simple strand structure joined by peptide bonds.
( a.a - a.a - a.a - a.a )

28
Q

(In proteins) Explain what a ‘secondary structure’ is

A

Composed of two structures:
Alpha-Helix : Polypeptide chain coiled due to the attraction of molecues, forming a helix shape.
Beta-Pleated sheet : polypeptide; a much looser, straighter shape.

29
Q

(Proteins) Give examples of where alpha-helix is found and where beta-pleated sheet is found.

A

Alpha-Helix : hemoglobin and myoglobin
Beta-pleated sheet: silk protein

30
Q

(In proteins) Explain what a ‘tertiary structure’ and the 3 bonds that can be found in it and where

A

The secondary structure coils and folds to form 3-dimensional shapes that contains hydrophobic interactions between R groups.
Four bonds included:
-Disulphide bonds (Between cysteine molecules)
-Hydrogen bonds (R)
-Ionic bonds (R)

31
Q

(In proteins) Explain what a ‘quaternary structure’ is with one example

A

A 4 unit structure, each unit containing a different combination of amino acids.
E.g. Haemoglobin

32
Q

Explain the difference between globular proteins and fibrous proteins, as well as 2 examples for each.

A

Globular: Protein whose molecules are spherical/ball-shaped (tertiary structure) (Curls up so non-polar, hydrophobic R groups point into the center of the molecule, while the polar, hydrophylic R groups remain on the outside)
E.g., hemoglobin, myoglobin
Fibrous: Proteins with long strands, insoluble
Fibrous: Protein with long strands, insoluble and have structural roles (quaternary structure)
E.g., keratin, collagen

33
Q

Describe the structure of water

A

Unshared negative electrons on oxygen give it a slight negative charge

34
Q

State 5 properties of water

A

1) High specific heat capacity
2) High latent heat of evaporation
3) Cohesive
4) Good solvent
5) Less dense when solid

35
Q

What is the monomer of protein

A

Amino acids

36
Q

What is the monomer of lipids

A

Fatty acids (and glycerol)

37
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

38
Q

What is the monomer of DNA/RNA/Nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

39
Q

Why is it important to have 2 types of glucose (alpha & beta)? (List 2-3)

A

Greater chemical variety, alpha glucose is respiratory, beta glucose is structural

40
Q

Why are phospholipids arranged the way they are in cell membranes?

A

Polar heads mix with water; non-polar tails do not. Thus, heads face water on both sides with tails to middle

41
Q

In an amino acid, what does the R-group represent?

A

Rest of the molecule/side chain

42
Q

Give an example of an R-group (2)

A

Hydrogen, Methyl group (CH3)

Wheres Jai? (11 decks)

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