Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 101 > Mitosis & Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis & Meiosis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two types of cell division

A
  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides into two distinct daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Meiosis leads to:

A
  • Production of gametes
  • Daughter cells have 1/2 genetic material as parent cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mitosis leads to:

A
  • Production of all other cell types (somatic cells)
  • Genetic material copied and divided equally
  • Daughter cells genetically identical to parent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell division

A

Replicate genetic material, divide genetic material evenly, form two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Single-celled organsims cell division results in _________

A

asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Multicellular organsims cell division allows for _________

A
  • growth
  • repair
  • asexual reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 phases of the cell cycle:

A
  • M phase
  • G1 phase of interphase
  • S phase of interphase
  • G2 phase of interphase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gap phases allow the cell to

A
  • Grow large enough
  • synthesize enough organelles for daughter cells
  • function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

G1 Phase

A

4 unreplicated chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

G2 Phase

A

4 replicaed chromosomes consisting of 2 sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

M phase

A
  • Start of mitosis, replicated chromosomes condense
  • Mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • spindle apparatus begins to form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Microtubules contact centromeres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister cromatids separate into daughter chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Telophase

A

The nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes condense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cell division

A

Plasma membrane pinches in and two daughter cells form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chromosome

A

structure composed of a DNA molecule and associated proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chromatin

A
  • The material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
  • DNA molecule complexed w/ histone proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chromatid

A

One strand of a repliecated chromosome, w/ its associated proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sister chromatids

A
  • 2 strands of a replicated chromosome
  • Replicated chromosomes consiste of 2 sister chromatids
  • When sister chromatids separate during miosis they become independent chromosomes
24
Q

Cytokinesis in plants

A

microtubules direct vesicles to center of spindle where they fuse to divide the cell in two

25
Q

Cytokinesis in animals

A

cleavage furrow

26
Q

Bacteria divide via _________

A
  • Fission
  • similar to animal cytokinesis
27
Q

_________ is essentially eliminated in rapidly dividing cells

A
  • G1 phase
    • Ex. epithelial cells of intestines
28
Q

G0 State

A
  • Nondividing cells perminantly stuck in G1 phase
    • Ex. nerve cells
29
Q

Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)

A
  • Present in cytoplasm of M-phase cells
  • Induces mitosis in all eukaryotes
30
Q

MPF composed of:

A
  • Protein kinase
  • Cyclin
31
Q

Protein kinase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to target protein

32
Q

Cyclin

A

regulatory protein

33
Q

How is MPF turned off

A

Enzyme complex activated by mitosis degrades MPF cyclin during anaphase

34
Q

Negative feedback

A

Process slowed or stopped by one of its products

35
Q

Cell-cycle checkpoint

A

Interactions among regulatory moleculse at each checkpoint allow the cell to “decide” whether to procide with division

36
Q

If checkpoint regulatory molecules are defective:

A
  • The checkpoint may fail
  • cells may start dividing in an uncontrolled fashion
37
Q

Pass G1 Checkpoint If:

A
  • Cell size is adequate
  • nutrients are sufficient
  • social signals are present
  • DNA is undamaged
38
Q

Pass G2 Checkpoint if

A
  • chromosomes have replicated successfully
  • DNA is undamaged
  • activated MPF is present
39
Q

Pass M-phase checkpoint if:

A
  • Chromosomes attached to spindle apparatus
  • chromosomes have properly segregated and MPF is absent
40
Q

Cancer

A

Family of diseases caused by cells that:

  • Grow uncontrollably
  • invade nearby tissues
  • spread to other sites in the body
41
Q

Cancerous cell defects

A
  • Make the proteins required for growth active when they shouldnt be
  • Prevent tumor suppressor genes from shutting down cell cycle
42
Q

Benign tumor

A

may continue to divide, but are not invasive

43
Q

malignant tumor

A

divide and spread to adjacent tissues through lymphatic/blood vessels

44
Q

Centromere

A

structure that joins sister chromatids

45
Q

kinetochores

A

structure on sister chromatids where microtubules attach

46
Q

microtubule organizing center

A

any structure that organizes microtubules

47
Q

Centrosome

A

microtubule organizing center in animals and some plants

48
Q

Centrioles

A

Cylindrical structures that comprise microtubules, located in centrosomes

49
Q

locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

50
Q

haploid number

A

number of distinct types of chromosomes

51
Q

ploidy

A

number of each type of chromosome present (n, 2n, etc)

52
Q

Meiosis I overview

A
  • diploid parent cell produces 2 haploid daughter cells
  • homologs
    • separate to diff. daughter cells
  • daughter cells are haploid
    • chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids
53
Q

crossing over

A

Swapping of segments between maternal and paternal chromosomes

54
Q

Chiasma

A

Point at which crossing over occurs

55
Q

Independent assortment

A

random assortment/segregation of chromosomes during anaphase resulting in genetically unique gametes

56
Q

tetrad

A

pair of homologous chromosomes in synapsis

57
Q

Autosome

A

anything that isn’t a sex chromosome

Biology 101 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions