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Biology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Hypotheses

A
  • Tentative explation for an observed problem
  • Neutral
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2
Q

Observation vs Experiment

A
  • Are you controlling variable or simply observing a natural phenomenon
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3
Q

What does it mean to be alive?

A
  1. Energy-Aquire/use
  2. Cells-Made up of membrane-bound units
  3. Information-Process genetic info encoded in genes&repond to info from environment
  4. Replication-everything an org does goes to this goal
  5. Evolution-product of evolution
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4
Q

Theory

A

Explanation for a general class of phenomena/ovservations supported by wide body of evidence

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5
Q

Cell

A

highly organized compartment, bounded by plasma membrane, contains concentrated chemicals in aqueous solution

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6
Q

Complete Cell Theory

A

All orgs are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells

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7
Q

Prediction

A

measurable/observable result that must be correct if hypothesis is valid

Directionality

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8
Q

2 parts of a theory

A
  1. Pattern-sometihng that occurs in natural world
  2. Process-Creates the pattern
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9
Q

Theory of Evolution By Natural Selection

A
  1. All species related by common ancestry
  2. Decent w/ modification
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10
Q

Natural Selection

A

Explains how evolution occurs

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11
Q

2 Conditions for Natural Selection

A
  1. Individuals vary in heritable characteristics
  2. In particular environment, certain versions of traits help individual reproduce more
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12
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical Characteristic

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13
Q

Fitness

A

Ability of individual to survive and reproduce in an environment

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14
Q

Adaptation

A

A traight that increases fitness of an individual in a particular environment

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15
Q

Macronutrients

A

O,C,H,N

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16
Q

What are isotopes used for?

A

Tracking plants

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17
Q

How many possible e- shells?

A

3

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18
Q

What determines chemical properties

A

e- in valence shell

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19
Q

Chemical Bonds

A
  • Covalent (strongest)
  • Ionic
  • Hydrogen (weakest)
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20
Q

When will atoms interact?

A

When valence shell not full

Wants to fill outer shell

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21
Q

Covalent

A

Share electrons

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22
Q

Nonpolar covalent

A

Equally shared e-

same electronegativity

Atoms of same element

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23
Q

Electronegativity

A

Attraction for shared electrons

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24
Q

Polar covalent

A
  • e- not shared equally, partial charges exist b/c e- closer to different atoms
  • More protons→higher electronegativity
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25
Q

H2O

A
  • O attract more e- than H
  • O is slightly -, H slightly +
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26
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Gain/ loss e-

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27
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A
  • Weak interactions between covalently bonded hydrogen and acceptor atom
  • Both atoms in polar covalent w/other atoms
  • VERY important in biological molecules
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28
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • Attracted to water
    • Polar molecules
    • Ions
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29
Q

Hydrophobic

A

does not dissolve

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30
Q

Adhesion

A

H2O adhere to glass and pull upward

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31
Q

Cohesion

A
  • H2O at surface form h-bonds w/ nearby H2O and resist upward adhesion
  • Surface tension
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32
Q

H-Bonds moderate _____

A

temp

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33
Q

Heat

A

Energy associate w/ molecular movement

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34
Q

Temp.

A

Measure of intensity of heat

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35
Q

Heat _____ when h-bonds form

A

realeased

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36
Q

Heat ______ when h-bonds break

A

absorbed

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37
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving agent

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38
Q

Solute

A

Dissolves

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39
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

only C and H

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40
Q

Isomer

A

Same formula, different arangement

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41
Q

Functional group

A
  • Groups of atoms attached to the C skeleton
    • affect molecular function
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42
Q

Compounds w/ functional groups:

A
  • polar
    • hydrophilic
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43
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH

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44
Q

Carbonyl

A

>C=O

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45
Q

Carboxyl

A

-COOH

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46
Q

Polymer

A

Same molecules (monomers) strung together

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47
Q

macromolecules

A

Large polymer

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48
Q

Polymerization

A

bonding of monomers

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49
Q

Bonding reaction

A
  • Condensation Reaction
    • Loses water
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50
Q

Bond-breaking reaction

A
  • Hydrolysis
    • adds water
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51
Q

Proteins are involved with _____ _______ ________

A

Most bodily functions

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52
Q

amino acids are made up of

A
  • Amino group
  • carboxyl group
  • R group
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53
Q

How many amino acid monomers are protens made up of

A

20

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54
Q

20 amino acids differ in

A

Unique R-group

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55
Q

4 general types of amino acids

A
  • Acidic
  • Basic
  • Uncharged polar
  • nonpolar
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56
Q

Protein polymer

A

polypeptide

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57
Q

peptide bond

A
  • link carboxyl w/ amino group
    • between C from carboxyl and N in amino group
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58
Q

Ammino acid structures are ______

A

flexible

59
Q

Proteins are crucial to _______

A

most tasks in a cell

60
Q

Primary structure

A

Unique sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

61
Q

Secondary structure

A
  • H-bonds between carboxyl of one amino acid and amino group of another
    • Alpha helixes
    • Beta pleated sheets
  • H-bonding between sections of same backbone
62
Q

Tertiary structure

A
  • Interactions between R-groups/R-groups and peptide backbone
  • Causes backbone to bend/fold
  • 3D shape/structure
63
Q

Denaturation and 3 ways

A
  • Protein loses shape and function
    • pH
    • Salt concentration
    • temperature
64
Q

DNA

A
  • Double stranded
  • Stays in nucleus
65
Q

RNA

A
  • Single stranded
  • Leaves nucleus
66
Q

Nucleic acid monomer

A

Nucleotide

67
Q

Nucleotide composed of

A
  • 5-carbon sugar
    • ribose
    • deoxyribose
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base
68
Q

Uracil belongs to

A

RNA

69
Q

Thymine belongs to

A

DNA

70
Q

Pyrmadines

A
  • Single ring
    • Uracil
    • cytosine
    • thymine
71
Q

Purines

A
  • Double ring
    • Guanine
    • adenine
72
Q

5 nitrogenous bases/bonding

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • Bonding
    • C-G
    • A-T/U (H-bond)
73
Q

DNA polymerized through formation of:

A

Phosphodiester linkage

74
Q

DNA Structure

A
  • Sugar-phosphate backbone w/ nitrogenous bases on side
  • 2 antiparallel strands twisted to double helix
  • stabilized by
    • hydrophobic interactions in interior
75
Q

DNA can _____ & _______ biological info

A

store and transmit

76
Q

DNA required for

A
  • organism growth and reproduction
    • Sequence of bases
77
Q

RNA Secondary structure results from

A

complimentary base pairing

78
Q

2° Structure-Bases form hydrogen bonds w/

A
  • complimentary bases on same strand
79
Q

RNA folds over, forming ______ structure

A

hairpin

80
Q

Small sugar molecules

A

oligosaccharides

81
Q

large sugar molecules

A

polysaccharides

82
Q

sugar monomers

A

monosaccharides

83
Q

Monosaccharides do two things

A
  • fuel cellular work
  • manufacture other organic molecules
84
Q

linkage of monosaccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

85
Q

Monosaccharides store ______ in plants and animals

A
  • Engergy
    • starch in plants
    • glycogen in animals
86
Q

Made up of carbs in cell walls

A
  • cellulous
  • humans cannot digest
87
Q

Chitin

A

Structural polysaccharide of insect and crustacean exoskeleton

88
Q

Oligosaccharides are _______ on proteins

A

markers

89
Q

glycoprotein

A
  • protein w/ sugar attached
  • marker on outside of cell for identification
90
Q

3 types of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

91
Q

How are lipids different than other biological molecules

A

not huge and not built from monomers

92
Q

What makes a fat

A

glycerol and fatty acid chain linked by dehydration

93
Q

Triglycerides

A

fat with 3 fatty acid chains

94
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A
  • Missing an H and has double bond in tail
  • kinks/bends
95
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A
  • Maximum # of H
  • Packed titely
  • no kinks
96
Q

Structure of a steroid

A

Carbon skeleton in rings

97
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • Common Steroid
    • animal cell membrane
    • starting material for making other steroids
98
Q

Anabolic steroid

A
  • Varient of testosterone
  • causes buildup of muscle and bone mass
  • help treat anemia and diseases that destroy body tissue
  • Side effects
    • violent mood
    • depression
    • liver damage
    • cancer
99
Q

Phospholipids are major component of _______

A

Cell membrane

100
Q

Phospho lipids have # fatty acid chains

A

2

101
Q

selectively permeable

A

lets small and nonpolar molecules but not charged/ions through

102
Q

Passive transport

A
  • Diffusion
    • no energy
    • high→low concentration
103
Q

Osmosis

A
  • diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
    • higher H2O→lower H2​O
    • low solute→high solute concentration
104
Q

tonicity

A
105
Q

osmoregulation

A

control of H2O balance

106
Q

lysis

A

cell rupture

107
Q

turgid

A

normal plant cell

108
Q

flaccid

A

weak plant cell

109
Q

plasmolyzed

A

shriveled plant cell

110
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • no energy
  • polar/charged molecules
  • transport protein w/ hole in it
  • relies on concentration gradient
111
Q

aquaporin

A

allows for fast movement of H2O across membrane

112
Q

Active transport (4 steps)

A
  1. Solute binds to protein
  2. ATP-Phosphate attaches to protein
  3. protein changes shape and pumps solute against gradient
  4. phosphate detaches and protein reverses to original shape
113
Q

Prokarytic and Eukaryotic cells both have

A
  • plasma membrane
  • 1 or more chromosomes
  • ribosomes
114
Q

4 functions of eukaryotic cells

A
  • Genetic control
  • manufacture, distribute, breakdown molecules
  • energy processing
  • support, movement, communication
115
Q

What is in an animal but not plant cell?

A
  • centriole
  • lysosome
116
Q

What is in a plant but not animal cell?

A
  • central vacuole
  • chloroplast
  • cell wall
  • plasmodesma
117
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA and directs protein synthesis by making mRNA

118
Q

important types of RNA

A

rRNA-ribosomal

mRNA-messenger

119
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • In cytoplasm or rough ER
120
Q

Endomembrane system

A
  • Organelles connected
  • physically or by vesicle
121
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Lacks Ribosomes
  • Lipid synthesis
122
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Has Ribosomes
  • Protein Synthesis
123
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
    • Receiving(cis) and shipping(trans) sides
124
Q

Lysosome

A

membranous sac containing digestive enzymes

125
Q

Vacuole

A

Large storage vesicle

126
Q

Mitocondria

A
  • Carry out cellular respiration
  • double membrane
  • own DNA, ribosomes, enzymes
127
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Own DNA
  • double membrane
  • Convert light energy to sugars
128
Q

3 Parts of cytoskeleton

A
  • Support and mobility
    • microfilament
    • intermdediate filament
    • microtubule
129
Q

Microfilament

A

next to cell membrane, supports cell shape and motility

130
Q

Intermediate filament

A

reinforce shape and anchor organelles

131
Q

microtubule

A

cell rigidity and tracks for organelle movement

132
Q

Amphipathic

A

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic sections

133
Q

Tight junctions

A
  • Can degrade
  • don’t let anything pass through
    • Stomach lining
134
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

Multi-step process:each step catalyzed by a different enzyme

135
Q

feedback inhibition

A
  • regulates metabolic pathways
    • Product binds to enzyme 1 and shuts down
136
Q

desmosomes

A
  • do not degrade
  • connect cytoskeletons of cells
137
Q

Gap junctions

A
  • In animals, act as channels between cells
  • coordinate communication and activity
138
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • In olants, gaps in cell wall where cytoplasm and sER continuous between 2 cells
  • proteins pass through and coordinate activity of cells
139
Q

Lipid-soluble signals

A
  • diffuse across membrane
  • bind to signal receptors(proteins)
140
Q

Lipid-insoluble signals

A
  • Bind to receptor membrane protein
  • signal transduced and amplified
    • (signal converted to intercellular signal)
141
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

Cell-cell commmunication in bacteria

142
Q

bioluminescence

A

light emission

143
Q

biofilms

A
  • Hard polysaccharide-rich substances
  • encase the cells and attach them to a surface

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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