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Biology 101 > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

5’ end has a _______

A

Phosphate group

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2
Q

3’ end has a

A

OH group

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3
Q

DNA replicates via __________

A

conservative replication

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4
Q

conservative replication

A

The parental molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of an entirely new molecule

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5
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Catalyzes DNA synthesis

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6
Q

DNA Polymerase adds deoxyribonucleotides to the _________

A
  • 3’ end
  • DNA synthesis proceeds 5’ to 3’
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7
Q

How many origins do bacterial chromosomes have?

Eukaryotic?

A

1, multiple

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8
Q

Helicase

A

Catalyzes breaking of h-bonds between the two DNA strands to separate

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9
Q

Single-strand DNA-binding proteins (SSBPs)

A

attach to separated strands to prevent them from closing

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10
Q

Topoisomerase

A
  • cuts and rejoins DNA
    • downstream of the replication fork
    • relieving tension in the helix
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11
Q

Primer

A
  • A few nucleotides bonded to the template strand
  • Provides a free 3’ hydroxyl group that can combine w/ incoming dNTP to form a phosphodiester bond
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12
Q

Primase

A
  • Type of RNA polymerase​
  • synthesizes RNA primer
  • DNA polymerase III adds bases to 3’ end of primer
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13
Q

Leading strand

A
  • Product of DNA polymerase 3
  • Leads into replication fork
  • synthesized 5’ to 3’
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14
Q

Sliding clamp

A

holds DNA polymerase in place

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15
Q

Laggin strand

A
  • Synthesized discontinuously
  • away from replication fork
  • 5’ to 3’ direction
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16
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

short, newly synthesized DNA fragments complimentary to lagging template strand

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17
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA

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18
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins okazaki fragments into a continuous strand

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19
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

Extends leading strand or okazaki fragment

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20
Q

Telomere

A
  • Region at end of linear chromosome
  • does not contain genes
  • short, repeating stretches of bases
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21
Q

Problems of telomeres

A
  • Leading-strand synthesis normal copy of DNA
  • Telomere on lagging strand shortens during DNA replication
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22
Q

Telomerase

A

extends telomere from 3’ to 5’ of lagging strand

23
Q

Somatic cells _______ telomerase

A
  • chromosomes of somatic cells progressively shorten as individual ages
24
Q

Repair enzymes

A

remove defective bases and repair them

25
Q

Mismatch repair

A

occurs when mismatched bases are corrected after DNA synthesis is complete

26
Q

UV light can cause ______ to form

A
  • thymine dimers
    • produce kink in DNA strand
27
Q

Important properties of genetic code

A
  • Redundant
  • Unambiguous
  • non-overlapping
  • conservative
28
Q

Redundant

A

all aa coded by more than one condon

29
Q

Unambiguous

A

Single codon never codes for more than one amino acid

30
Q

non-overlapping

A

reads each separate codon one after another

31
Q

conservative

A

first two bases always identical-less likely to change if mutation in 3rd position

32
Q

Transcription

A

H-bonds form between complimentary base pairs of template strand

33
Q

RNA is made from the ________ strand

A

template

34
Q

Coding strand

A

Same nucleotide sequence as RNA being made

35
Q

Template strand

A

Complimentary strand of coding strand

36
Q

Template strand and RNA should ______

A

Match except RNA has U instead of T

37
Q

RNA polymerase

A

links nucleotides together to make RNA

38
Q

Promoter region

A

Where RNA polymerase binds w/ helper protein

39
Q

Helper proteins:

A
  • Prokaryotes
    • sigma
  • Eukaryotes
    • transcription factors
40
Q

coding region

A
  • Region that codes for an amino acid
    • Exon
41
Q

Noncoding region

A
  • nonsense region that doesn’t code for amino acid
    • intron
42
Q

5’ cap

A

recognition signal for translation machinery

43
Q

Poly(A) tail

A

extends life of an mRNA by protecting it from degradation

44
Q

Elongation during translation

A
  • tRNA with correct anticodon enters A site w/ correct amino acid
  • moves to P site and peptide bond is made between amino acid and next amino acid
  • tRNA then moves to E site and leaves
  • Repeat until stop codon
45
Q

Terminating translation

A
  • Release factor binds to stop codon
  • polypeptide/tRNAs fall off
  • ribosome subunits separate
46
Q

Transcription/translation overview

A
  • Transcription
    • DNA to RNA
  • Translation
    • RNA to proteins
47
Q

sickle cell anemia

A
  • point mutation
    • changes structure of protein so affects phenotype/function
48
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change in nucleotide sequence that does not change AA

49
Q

Missense

A

Change in nucleotide sequence that changes amino acid specified by codon

50
Q

nonsense

A

change in nucleotide sequence that results in early stop codon

51
Q

Frameshift

A

Addition or deletion of a nucleotide

52
Q

Beneficial mutation

A

increase organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

53
Q

neutral

A

no effect

54
Q

deleterious

A

lower organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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