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Cytogenetics > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

An organism’s DNA is organized into structures called ____.

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

____ serve as vehicles for transmitting genetic information.

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

Chromosomes serve as ____.

A

vehicles for transmitting genetic information

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4
Q

____ is the dispersed, diffused, uncoiled set of structure.

A

Chromatin

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5
Q

Two major processes involved in the genetic continuity of nucleated cells: ____.

A
  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
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6
Q

____ leads to production of two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

Mitosis leads to production of ____ with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A

two cells

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Mitosis leads to the production of daughter cells with reduced number of chromosomes from the parent cell.

A

False

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9
Q

____ reduces the genetic content and the number of chromosomes by half.

A

Meiosis

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Meiosis leads to the production of daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A

False

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11
Q

Meiosis produces ____ daughter cells.

A

four

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12
Q

The reduction in the number of chromosomes is important in the production of ____.

A

sex cells or gametes

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13
Q

The process of mitosis is important in all ____.

A

eukaryotic organisms

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14
Q

Can mitosis occur in asexual reproduction?

A

Yes (in single-celled organisms)

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15
Q

Karyo means ____.

A

nucleus

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16
Q

Nuclear division is also known as ____.

A

karyokinesis

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17
Q

The genetic material is partitioned into daughter cells during ____.

A

Nuclear division (Karyokinesis)

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18
Q

Nuclear division is followed by ____.

A

Cytoplasmic division (Cytokinesis)

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19
Q

Cytoplasmic division is also known as ____.

A

Cytokinesis

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20
Q

In the process of ____, the cell volume is partitioned into two parts and are enclosed in a distinct plasma membrane.

A

Cytokinesis

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21
Q

As the cytoplasm is reconstituted, organelles now will be formed either through ____.

A
  • Replication
  • Arise from existing structure
  • Synthesized denovo (anew)
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22
Q

We can associate mitotic activity in the basis for ____.

A

wound healing and cell replacement

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23
Q

____ is formed due to the abnormal production of cells.

A

Tumor

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24
Q

The ____ is a series of events that describe the sequence of activities a cell prepares for division and then divides.

A

Cell Cycle

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25
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle

A
  1. Interphase
    * G1
    * S Phase
    * G2
  2. Mitosis
    * Prophase
    * Prometaphase
    * Metaphase
    * Anaphase
    * Telophase
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26
Q

____ is the initial stage of the cell cycle or the interval between divisions.

A

Interphase

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27
Q

Phases under Interphase

A
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
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28
Q

____ is not devoted solely to the cell’s growth and normal function, but also in the replication of the DNA.

A

Interphase

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29
Q

____ occurs before the cell enters mitosis.

A

DNA synthesis

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30
Q

DNA synthesis occurs ____ the cell enters ____.

A

before, mitosis

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31
Q

To check the initiation and completion of S phase, ____ is used to monitor it.

A

radioactive precursor

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32
Q

Radioactive precursor is used to ____.

A

Monitor the initiation and completion of the S phase

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33
Q

The two periods during interphase that does not have DNA synthesis are ____.

A

G1 and G2 phase

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34
Q

During the ____, intensive metabolic activity, cell growth, and cell differentiation are observed.

A

Interphase

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35
Q

Which Phase of Interphase?

Cells accomplished most of their growth

A

G1 Phase

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36
Q

Which Phase of Interphase?

Cells get bigger in size

A

G1 Phase

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37
Q

Which Phase of Interphase?

Cells make RNA proteins and organelles essential for DNA in S phase.

A

G1 Phase

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38
Q

Which Phase of Interphase?

Centromeres and components of centrosomes are also made

A

G1 Phase

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39
Q

Which Phase of Interphase?

Synthesis of DNA

A

S Phase

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40
Q

Which Phase of Interphase?

Synthesis of Centrosome

A

S Phase

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41
Q

Which Phase of Interphase?

“Checkpoint”

A

G2 Phase

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42
Q

Which Phase of Interphase?

Quality control is made

A

G2 Phase

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43
Q

Which Phase of Interphase?

Checking DNA integrity

A

G2 Phase

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44
Q

The checkpoint found in G2 phase is used for ____.

A

checking the integrity of the DNA

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45
Q

By the end of ____ phase, DNA has been replicated and cell volume has doubled.

A

G2

46
Q

After the G2 phase, the cell enters ____.

A

Mitosis

47
Q

At a point during G1, all cell follow one of two paths ____.

A
  • Become quiescent or inactive, and enter G0 stage.
  • Complete the cycle
48
Q

Example of a quiescent cell

A

stem cells

49
Q

____ are unspecialized cells that can leave G0 phase.

A

Stem cells

50
Q

____ cells are reversible, they can leave G0 phase or stay.

A

Quiescent

51
Q

Cells that enter the G0 phase remain ____.

A

viable and metabolically active

52
Q

Cells in the G0 phase are not ____.

A

proliferative

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Cells in the G0 phase are proliferative.

A

False

54
Q

In the ____ phase, the cell is neither dividing nor preparing for division.

A

G0 Phase

55
Q

G0 phase is also known as the ____.

A

resting phase

56
Q

Why do cells enter G0 phase?

A
  • No longer need to divide
  • Lack necessary nutrients or energy to divide
57
Q

____ are cells that are either too old, dysfunctional, or not capable of dividing.

A

Senescent cells

58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

The chromosomes are visible during the interphase.

A

False

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

A genetic material is present in the interphase.

A

True

60
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
61
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

Over half of mitosis is spent in the ____.

A

Prophase

62
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell.

A

Prophase

63
Q

The ____ migrate to the opposite ends of the cell.

A

Centrioles

64
Q

____ are barrel-shaped structures.

A

Centrioles

65
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The centrosomes organize cytoplasmic microtubules into spindle fibers.

A

Prophase

66
Q

The ____ are responsible for organizing microtubules into spindle fibers.

A

Centrosomes

67
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The nuclear envelope breaks down and disappear, and the nucleolus disintegrates.

A

Prophase

68
Q

During prophase, the ____ breaks down and disappear.

A

Nucleus

69
Q

During prophase, the ____ disintegrates.

A

Nucleolus

70
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The diffused chromatin fibers condenses, and the chromosomes become visible.

A

Prophase

71
Q

During prophase, the diffused ____ condense.

A

Chromatin fibers

72
Q

During prophase, the ____ become visible.

A

Chromosomes

73
Q

The ____ appear as a double structure split longitudinally except at a point of constriction.

A

Chromosomes

74
Q

The single point of constriction between the chromosomes is called ____.

A

Centromere

75
Q

The two parts of each chromosomes are called ____.

A

Sister chromatids

76
Q

The DNA contained in each chromatid is ____.

A

genetically identical

77
Q

____ are protein complexes that hold sister chromatids together.

A

Cohesin

78
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

In prophase, the chromosomes are already double structures.

A

True

79
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The chromosomes migrate to the equatorial plane.

A

Prometaphase

80
Q

The equatorial plane is also known as the ____.

A

Metaphase plate

81
Q

The ____ is the midline region of the cell, a plane that lies perpendicular to the axis established by the spindle fibers.

A

Metaphase plate

82
Q

____ refers to the period of chromosome movement.

A

Prometaphase

83
Q

____ is the chromosome configuration following migration.

A

Metaphase

84
Q

Migration is made possible by the ____.

A

binding of the spindle fibers to the kinetochore

85
Q

____ is an assembly of multilayered plates of proteins associated with the centromere.

A

Kinetochore

86
Q

____ is an enzyme which degrades the cohesion between the sister chromatids.

A

Separase

87
Q

____ means “guardian spirit”.

A

Shugoshin

88
Q

____ is a protective protein that protects cohesin from being degraded.

A

Shugoshin

89
Q

____ is the shortest stage of mitosis.

A

Anaphase

90
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The sister chromatids separate from one another, and pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

A

Anaphase

91
Q

The process of separation of two sister chromatids is described as ____.

A

Disjunction

92
Q

For the complete disjunction to occur, shugoshin must be degraded by ____.

A

Anaphase-promoting complex

93
Q

Anaphase-promoting complex degrades ____ during anaphase.

A

Shugoshin

94
Q

In anaphase, each migrating chromatid is referred to as ____.

A

daughter chromosome

95
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

Final stage of mitosis

A

Telophase

96
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

Two complete sets of chromosomes are present, one on each pole.

A

Telophase

97
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

Cytokinesis occur

A

Telophase

98
Q

What is the most significant stage in Mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

99
Q

Animal cells undergo constriction of the cytoplasm, producing ____.

A

cleavage furrow or cell furrow

100
Q

A ____ is a characteristic of newly divided cells.

A

cleavage furrow or cell furrow

101
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The chromosomes begin to uncoil and become diffuse chromatin once again.

A

Telophase

102
Q

During telophase, the ____ begin to uncoil.

A

Chromosomes

103
Q

During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and become ____ once again.

A

diffused chromatin

104
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The nuclear envelope re-forms.

A

Telophase

105
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The spindle fibers disappear

A

Telophase

106
Q

During telophase, the ____ disappear.

A

spindle fibers

107
Q

Which Phase of Mitosis?

The nucleolus re-forms and become visible.

A

Telophase

108
Q

At the completion of telophase, the cell enters the ____.

A

Interphase

109
Q

If the starting number of chromosomes is 46, how many chromosomes are present at the beginning of Interphase, at the start of Mitosis, and at the end of Mitosis?

A

46

110
Q

____ are only visible during mitosis and meiosis.

A

Chromosomes

Cytogenetics (5 decks)

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