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Cytogenetics > Meiosis > Flashcards

Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

____ is preceded by a process of DNA replication that converts each chromosome into two sister chromatids.

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

____ is the form of eukaryotic cell division that produces haploid sex cells or gametes from diploid cells.

A

Meiosis

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3
Q

Meiosis is the form of eukaryotic cell division that produces ____ from diploid cells.

A

haploid sex cells or gametes

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4
Q

____ contains a single copy of each chromosome.

A

Haploid Sex Cells or Gametes

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5
Q

____ contain two copies of each chromosome.

A

Diploid cells

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6
Q

Meiosis takes the form of ____ followed by ____.

A
  • One DNA replication
  • Two successive nuclear and cellular divisions
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7
Q

____ takes the form of one DNA replication, followed by two successive nuclear and cellular divisions.

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

The reproductive cycle of ____ ends when a sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote.

A

Meiosis

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9
Q

Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called ____.

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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10
Q

Meiosis involves how many cycle of DNA replication?

A

1

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11
Q

____ is initiated after the parental chromosomes have replicated to produce identical sister chromatids at the S phase.

A

Meiosis I

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12
Q

Meiosis involves ____ and ____ between them.

A

pairing of homologous chromosomes; recombination

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13
Q

____ are formed at the end of meiosis II.

A

Four haploid cells

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14
Q

There are ____ rounds of chromosome segregation in Meiosis.

A

2

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15
Q

There are two rounds of ____ in Meiosis.

A

chromosome segregation

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16
Q

Two Rounds of Chromosome Segragation

____ segregates homologs.

A

Meiosis I

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17
Q

____ are pair of chromosomes that pair up with each other.

A

Homologs

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18
Q

The duplicated paternal and maternal homologs pair up alongside each other and become physically linked by the process of ____.

A

genetic recombination

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19
Q

In the ____, duplicated homologs are pulled apart and segragated into the two daughter cells.

A

first meiotic anaphase

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20
Q

Two Rounds of Chromosome Segragation

In ____, sister chromatids are pulled apart and segregated to produce haploid daughter cells.

A

Meiosis II

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Each of the haploid nuclei contain both the maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.

A

False

Either the maternal or paternal, but NEVER both.

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22
Q

____ is also known as the reductional division.

A

Meiosis I

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23
Q

Meiosis I is also known as the ____.

A

reductional division

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24
Q

Stages of Meiosis

The number of centromeres are equal to the number of chromosomes, and reduced by 1/2 at the end of this stage.

A

Meiosis I

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25
Q

In meiosis I, the number of ____ are equal to the number of ____, and are reduced by 1/2.

A

centromeres; chromosomes

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26
Q

____ is subdivided into 5 phases based on chromosomal behavior.

A

Prophase I

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27
Q

Five Phases of Prophase I

A
  • Leptotene (Leptonema)
  • Zygotene (Zygonema)
  • Pachytene (Pachynema)
  • Diplotene (Diplonema)
  • Diakinesis
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28
Q

In early prophase I, homologs begin to associate along their length in a process called ____.

A

pairing

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29
Q

As prophase progresses, the homologs become more closely ____.

A

juxtaposed

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30
Q

Juxtaposed homologs form a four-chromatid structure called ____.

A

bivalent

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31
Q

____ are formed at several locations in each sister chromatid, resulting in large numbers of DNA recombination events between the homologs.

A

DNA double-strand breaks

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32
Q

DNA double-strand breaks are formed at several locations in each sister chromatid, resulting in large numbers of ____ events between the homologs.

A

DNA recombination

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33
Q

Prophase I leads to reciprocal DNA exchanges called ____.

A

crossovers

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34
Q

Phases of Prophase I

The homologs condense and pair

A

Leptotene (Leptonema)

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35
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Homology search starts to happen

A

Leptotene (Leptonema)

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36
Q

Phases of Prophase I

____ is known as the thin-threated stage.

A

Leptotene (Leptonema)

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37
Q

Leptotene is also known as the ____.

A

thin-threated stage

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38
Q

Phases of Prophase I

The synaptonemal complex begins to assemble at sites where the homologs are closely associated and recombination events are occurring.

A

Zygotene (Zygonema)

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39
Q

The ____ begins to assemble at sites where the homologs are closely associated and recombination events are occurring.

A

synaptonemal complex

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40
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Chromosomes undergo initial alignment, and will have rough pairing at the end of this phase.

A

Zygotene (Zygonema)

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41
Q

Phases of Prophase I

The complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologus chromosomes is called bivalent or a tetrad.

A

Zygotene (Zygonema)

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42
Q

The complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologus chromosomes is called ____.

A

bivalent or a tetrad

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43
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Continuous condensing of homologs

A

Zygotene (Zygonema)

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44
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Homologs become shorter and thicker

A

Zygotene (Zygonema)

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45
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Where the pairing starts

A

Zygotene (Zygonema)

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46
Q

Phases of Prophase I

____ is known as the yoked-threated stage.

A

Zygotene (Zygonema)

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47
Q

Zygotene is known as the ____.

A

yoked-threated stage

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48
Q

Phases of Prophase I

The assembly process is complete, and the homologs are synapsed along their entire lengths.

A

Pachytene (Pachynema)

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49
Q

Phases of Prophase I

During this stage, bivalent chromosomes now clearly appear as tetrads.

A

Pachytene (Pachynema)

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50
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Development of synaptonemal complex

A

Pachytene (Pachynema)

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51
Q

During the pachytene phase, ____ starts to develop.

A

synaptonemal complex

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52
Q

Homologs in the pachytene phase are separated with a distance of ____.

A

100 nm

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53
Q

Phases of Prophase I

More intimate arrangement and pairing

A

Pachytene (Pachynema)

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54
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Genetic transfer happens

A

Pachytene (Pachynema)

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55
Q

Phases of Prophase I

____ is known as the thick-threated stage.

A

Pachytene (Pachynema)

56
Q

Pachytene is known as the ____.

A

thick-threated stage

57
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Disassembly of synaptonemal complexes

A

Diplotene (Diplonema)

58
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Concomitant condensation and shortening of the chromosomes

A

Diplotene (Diplonema)

59
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Crossover events between non-sister chromatids can be seen

A

Diplotene (Diplonema)

60
Q

During the diplotene phase, crossover events between non-sister chromatids can be seen as inter-homolog connections called ____.

A

Chiasmata

61
Q

____ is the exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes.

A

Crossing over

62
Q

Crossing over process is mediated by the enzyme ____.

A

recombinase

63
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Recombination is completed by the end of this stage

A

Pachytene (Pachynema)

64
Q

Phases of Prophase I

____ is known as the double-threated stage.

A

Diplotene (Diplonema)

65
Q

Diplotene is known as the ____.

A

double-threated stage

66
Q

Phases of Prophase I

The final stage of meiotic prophase I

A

Diakinesis

67
Q

Phases of Prophase I

Marked by terminalization of chiasmata

A

Diakinesis

68
Q

Phases of Prophase I

The chromosomes are fully condensed, and the meiotic spindle is assembled.

A

Diakinesis

69
Q

Phases of Prophase I

By the end of this stage, the nucleolus disappears, and the nuclear envelop breaks down.

A

Diakinesis

70
Q

Phases of Meiosis I

The bivalent chromosomes align on the equatorial plate.

A

Metaphase I

71
Q

Phases of Meiosis I

The microtubules from the opposite poles of the spindle attach to the pair of homologous chromosomes.

A

Metaphase I

72
Q

Phases of Meiosis I

The homologous chromosomes separate, while sister chromatids remain associated at their centromeres.

A

Anaphase I

73
Q

Phases of Meiosis I

Cohesin degradation happens

A

Anaphase I

74
Q

Phases of Meiosis I

The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, and cytokinesis follows.

A

Telophase I

75
Q

The re-appearance of nuclear membrane and nucleolus, and the occurence of cytokinesis are collectively called as ____.

A

diad of cells

76
Q

The stage between two meiotic divisions is called ____ and is generally short-lived.

A

interkinesis

77
Q

Interkinesis is followed by ____.

A

Prophase II

78
Q

____ is also known as the equational division.

A

Meiosis II

79
Q

Stages of Meiosis

The number of centromeres and chromosomes remain equal by the end of this stage.

A

Meiosis II

80
Q

In meiosis II, the number of ____ and ____ remain equal by the end.

A

centromeres; chromosomes

81
Q

In meiosis II, the number of centromeres and chromosomes remain ____ by the end.

A

equal

82
Q

The product of Meiosis II are ____.

A

4 haploid cells

83
Q

____ is completed only at ovulation.

A

Meiosis I

84
Q

Meiosis I is completed only at ____.

A

ovulation

85
Q

____ is completed only after the egg is fertilized.

A

Meiosis II

86
Q

Meiosis II is completed only after the egg is ____.

A

fertilized

87
Q

____ is the phenomenon when homologs fail to separate properly.

A

Nondisjunction

88
Q

What is the result of nondisjunction?

A
  • Some gametes lack a chromosome.
  • Some gametes have more than one copy of the chromosome.
89
Q

____ increase greatly with advancing maternal age.

A

Segregation errors

90
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

One division

A

Mitosis

91
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Two divisions

A

Meiosis

92
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Two daughter cells per cycle

A

Mitosis

93
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Four daughter cells per cycle

A

Meiosis

94
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Daughter cells genetically identical

A

Mitosis

95
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Daughter cells genetically different

A

Meiosis

96
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Chromosome number of daughter cell same as that of the parent cell

A

Mitosis

97
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Chromosome number of daughter cell half that of the parent cell

A

Meiosis

98
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Occurs in somatic cells

A

Mitosis

99
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Occurs in germline cells

A

Meiosis

100
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Occurs throughout life cycle

A

Mitosis

101
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Completes after sexual maturity

A

Meiosis

102
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

103
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Used for sexual reproduction, producing new gene combinations

A

Meiosis

104
Q

____ is a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome.

A

Histone

105
Q

Histone is wrapped by ____.

A

DNA

106
Q

A histone wrapped by a DNA is collectively called ____.

A

Nucleosome

107
Q

____ is the constriction of chromosome.

A

Centromere

108
Q

____ are fluorescent structures at the end of each chromosome.

A

Telomeres

109
Q

Functions of Telomere

A
  • Protection from nucleolitic degradation
  • Protection from unnecessary recombination
  • Chromosome repair
110
Q

____ serve as protection from nucleolitic degradation.

A

Telomeres

111
Q

____ serve as protection from unnecessary recombination.

A

Telomeres

112
Q

____ functions in chromosome repair.

A

Telomere

113
Q

____ pairs of chromosomes are autosomes.

A

22

114
Q

22 pairs of chromosomes are ____.

A

autosomes

115
Q

The ____ pair of chromosomes are sex chromosomes.

A

23rd

116
Q

The 23rd pair of chromosomes are ____.

A

sex chromosomes

117
Q

The homologous (XX) pair of chromosomes are for ____.

A

females

118
Q

The non-homologous (XY) pair of chromosomes are for ____.

A

males

119
Q

The DNA may be composed of ____ nucleotides in a chain.

A

100,000 to 10,000,000,000

120
Q

____ have large linear chromosomes.

A

Eukaryotic cells

121
Q

____ have smaller circular chromosomes.

A

Prokaryotic cells

122
Q

____ has been developed by the Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature.

A

International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN)

123
Q

____ is the central reference for the description for karyotyping.

A

International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN)

124
Q

Other functions of International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN)

A
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
  • Provides rules for cytogenetic findings in laboratory reports
125
Q

Chromosome short arms are called ____.

A

p (petit)

126
Q

Chromosome longs arms are called ____.

A

q (queue)

127
Q

Four Types of Chromosomes Based on the Position of Centromere

A
  • Metacentric
  • Submetacentric
  • Acrocentric
  • Telocentric
128
Q

Four Types of Chromosomes Based on the Position of Centromere

The centromere occurs in the center and all the four chromatids are of equal length.

A

Metacentric

129
Q

Four Types of Chromosomes Based on the Position of Centromere

The centromere is a little away from the center and therefore chromatids of one side are slightly longer than the other side.

A

Submetacentric

130
Q

Four Types of Chromosomes Based on the Position of Centromere

The centromere is located closer to one end of chromatid therefore the chromatids on opposite side are very long.

A

Acrocentric

131
Q

____ is a small, round structure, attached by a very thin thread.

A

Satellite

132
Q

____ is the connection of satellite to the chromatid.

A

Stalk

133
Q

Four Types of Chromosomes Based on the Position of Centromere

The centromere is placed at one end of the chromatid and hence only one arm.

A

Telocentric

134
Q

____ are long regions of repetitive non-coding DNA that cap chromosomes to stop replication.

A

Telomeres

135
Q

____ undergo partial degradation each time a cell undergoes division.

A

Telomeres

136
Q

____ is a laboratory test where you can see the individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

A

Karyotype

137
Q

Which phase of reproduction is optimal for karyotype viewing?

A

Metaphase

Cytogenetics (5 decks)

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