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Cytogenetics > Introduction and History of Cytogenetics > Flashcards

Introduction and History of Cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

Branches of Genetics

A
  • Classical (Forward)
  • Population
  • Cytogenetics
  • Molecular
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2
Q

____ refers to the study of the laws of hereditary transmission in living organisms.

A

Classical (Forward) Genetics

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3
Q

____ began with Mendel’s study of inheritance in garden peas.

A

Classical (Forward) Genetics

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4
Q

____ remains the foundation of all other areas in genetics.

A

Classical (Forward) Genetics

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5
Q

____ is concerned primarily with the method by which genetic traits classified either dominant, recessive, intermediate, and polygenic.

A

Classical (Forward) Genetics

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6
Q

____ are genetic traits that are always expressed.

A

Dominant

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7
Q

____ are genetic traits subordinate to a dominant trait.

A

Recessive

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8
Q

____ are genetic traits that are partially expressed.

A

Intermediate

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9
Q

____ are genetic traits that are due to multiple genes.

A

Polygenic

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10
Q

____ is the study of genes in populations of organisms.

A

Population Genetics

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11
Q

____ is a field of biology that studies the genetic composition of biological populations, and changes in genetic composition.

A

Population Genetics

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12
Q

____ is the study of variations in the genes found within groups of individuals.

A

Population Genetics

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13
Q

____ is the study of variations in the genes found within groups of individuals.

A

Population Genetics

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14
Q

____ studies the structure of the DNA within the cell nucleus.

A

Cytogenetics

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15
Q

____ studies the number and morphology of the chromosomes.

A

Cytogenetics

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16
Q

____ is the microscopic study of chromosomes.

A

Cytogenetics

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17
Q

____ is the study of the molecular structure of DNA, its cellular activities, and its influence in determining the overall makeup of an organism.

A

Molecular Genetics

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18
Q

Molecular genetics rely heavily on ____.

A

genetic engineering

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19
Q

____ proposed that “humors” served as bearers of traits.

A

500-400 B.C: Hippocrates (Hippocratic School of Medicine)

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20
Q

Hippocrates proposed that ____ served as bearers of traits.

A

humors

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21
Q

Four substances in the Theory of Four Humors

A
  • Black bile (earth)
  • Yellow bile (fire)
  • Blood (air)
  • Phlegm (water)
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22
Q

Black bile represents ____.

A

Earth

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23
Q

Yellow bile represents ____.

A

Fire

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24
Q

Blood represents ____.

A

Air

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25
Q

Phlegm represents ____.

A

Water

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26
Q

Black bile properties

A

cold and dry

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27
Q

Yellow bile properties

A

dry and warm

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28
Q

Blood properties

A

moist and warm

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29
Q

Phlegm properties

A

moist and cold

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30
Q

____ theorized that the generative power of male semen resided in a “vital heat”.

A

Aristotle (384-322 B.C)

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31
Q

____ proposed the theory of Epigenesis.

A

William Harvey (600s)

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32
Q

____ states that an organism is derived from substances present in the egg that differentiate into adult structure.

A

Theory of Epigenesis

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33
Q

____ holds that structures such as body organs are not initially present inside the early embryo, but instead formed as “denovo”.

A

Theory of Epigenesis

34
Q

Epigenesis holds that structures such as body organs are not initially present inside the early embryo, but instead formed as ____.

A

“denovo”

35
Q

____ states that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult.

A

Preformationism

36
Q

A complete miniature adult (perfect in every form) is called a ____.

A

Homunculus

37
Q

The cell theory was proposed by ___.

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1830s)

38
Q

____ was proposed by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1830s.

A

Cell Theory

39
Q

The ____ states that all organisms are composed of basic units called “cells”.

A

Cell Theory

40
Q

The ____ suggests that cells are derived from pre-existing structures.

A

Cell Theory

41
Q

____ states that the creation of living organism is from non-living components.

A

Spontaneous Generation

42
Q

The ____ was disproved by Louis Pasteur.

A

Spontaneous Generation Theory

43
Q

____ formulated the theory of Natural Selection.

A

Charles Darwin

44
Q

____ proposed that existing species arose by descent with modification from ancestral species.

A

Charles Darwin

45
Q

The ____ states that individuals with heritable traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are better able to survive and reproduce.

A

Theory of Natural Selection

46
Q

____ is known as the Father of Genetics.

A

Gregor Mendel

47
Q

____ published a paper describing how traits are passsed from one generation to the other, using pea plants as models.

A

Gregor Mendel

48
Q

____ proposed that traits are passed from parents to offspring in a predictable manner.

A

Gregor Mendel

49
Q

Heredity is dependent on the genes contained in the structures called ____.

A

chromosomes

50
Q

____ is the characteristic number of chromosomes a eukaryote has.

A

Diploid number

51
Q

Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs called ____.

A

Homologous chromosomes

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Members of a pair of chromosomes are usually identical in size and have the same location of their centromeres.

A

True

53
Q

In ____ the chromosomes are copied and distributed to each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of chromosomes.

A

Mitosis

54
Q

In ____ the cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is a haploid number.

A

Meiosis

55
Q

The ____ states that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.

A

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

56
Q

The major chemical component of chromosomes were ____.

A

DNA and proteins

57
Q

In 1962, ____ won a Nobel Prize from elucidating the DNA structure.

A
  • Maurice Wilkins
  • Francis Crick
  • James Watson
58
Q

What is the contribution of Maurice Wilkins, Francis Crick, and James Watson?

A

Elucidation of DNA Structure

59
Q

The ____ is a long, ladder-like macromolecule that twists to form a double helix.

A

DNA

60
Q

Each strand of the DNA molecule is made up of ____.

A

nucleotides

61
Q

The four types of nucleotides found in the DNA are ____.

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
62
Q

Complementary base pairs of DNA

A
  • Adenine - Thymine
  • Guanine - Cytosine
63
Q

Which sugar is present in the DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

64
Q

The acidity of DNA is derived from ____.

A

Phosphate

65
Q

Complementary base pairs are bonded together by ____.

A

weak chemical bonds or hydrogen bonds

66
Q

The ____ is a single-stranded molecule that contains Uracil in place of Thymine.

A

RNA

67
Q

The genetic information in the DNA is expressed to form a functional gene product, which is a ____.

A

protein

68
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the process of gene expression begins in the nucleus with ____.

A

transcription

69
Q

The synthesis of protein under the direction of the mRNA is called ____.

A

translation

70
Q

Protein assemble is accomplished with the aid of ____.

A

tRNAs

71
Q

____ are end products of gene expression.

A

Proteins

72
Q

____, the largest category of proteins that serve as biological catalysts.

A

Enzymes

73
Q

A protein’s shape and chemical behavior are determined by its linear sequence of ____.

A

amino acids

74
Q

In early 1970s, ____ began when researchers found out that bacteria protect themselves from viral infection by producing enzymes that cut viral DNA at specific sites.

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

75
Q

____ are used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, therefore producing a reproducible set of DNA fragements.

A

Restriction enzymes

76
Q

Carrier DNA molecules are called ____.

A

vectors

77
Q

The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make product is called _____.

A

biotechnology

78
Q

____ is the study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes.

A

Genomics

79
Q

____ identifies the set of proteins present in a cell under a given set of conditions, and studies their functions and interactions.

A

Proteomics

80
Q

____ is a subfield of information technology used to store, retrieve, and analyze the massive amount of data generated by genomics and proteomics.

A

Bioinformatics

Cytogenetics (5 decks)

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