Introduction and History of Cytogenetics Flashcards
Branches of Genetics
- Classical (Forward)
- Population
- Cytogenetics
- Molecular
____ refers to the study of the laws of hereditary transmission in living organisms.
Classical (Forward) Genetics
____ began with Mendel’s study of inheritance in garden peas.
Classical (Forward) Genetics
____ remains the foundation of all other areas in genetics.
Classical (Forward) Genetics
____ is concerned primarily with the method by which genetic traits classified either dominant, recessive, intermediate, and polygenic.
Classical (Forward) Genetics
____ are genetic traits that are always expressed.
Dominant
____ are genetic traits subordinate to a dominant trait.
Recessive
____ are genetic traits that are partially expressed.
Intermediate
____ are genetic traits that are due to multiple genes.
Polygenic
____ is the study of genes in populations of organisms.
Population Genetics
____ is a field of biology that studies the genetic composition of biological populations, and changes in genetic composition.
Population Genetics
____ is the study of variations in the genes found within groups of individuals.
Population Genetics
____ is the study of variations in the genes found within groups of individuals.
Population Genetics
____ studies the structure of the DNA within the cell nucleus.
Cytogenetics
____ studies the number and morphology of the chromosomes.
Cytogenetics
____ is the microscopic study of chromosomes.
Cytogenetics
____ is the study of the molecular structure of DNA, its cellular activities, and its influence in determining the overall makeup of an organism.
Molecular Genetics
Molecular genetics rely heavily on ____.
genetic engineering
____ proposed that “humors” served as bearers of traits.
500-400 B.C: Hippocrates (Hippocratic School of Medicine)
Hippocrates proposed that ____ served as bearers of traits.
humors
Four substances in the Theory of Four Humors
- Black bile (earth)
- Yellow bile (fire)
- Blood (air)
- Phlegm (water)
Black bile represents ____.
Earth
Yellow bile represents ____.
Fire
Blood represents ____.
Air
Phlegm represents ____.
Water
Black bile properties
cold and dry
Yellow bile properties
dry and warm
Blood properties
moist and warm
Phlegm properties
moist and cold
____ theorized that the generative power of male semen resided in a “vital heat”.
Aristotle (384-322 B.C)
____ proposed the theory of Epigenesis.
William Harvey (600s)
____ states that an organism is derived from substances present in the egg that differentiate into adult structure.
Theory of Epigenesis
____ holds that structures such as body organs are not initially present inside the early embryo, but instead formed as “denovo”.
Theory of Epigenesis
Epigenesis holds that structures such as body organs are not initially present inside the early embryo, but instead formed as ____.
“denovo”
____ states that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult.
Preformationism
A complete miniature adult (perfect in every form) is called a ____.
Homunculus
The cell theory was proposed by ___.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1830s)
____ was proposed by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1830s.
Cell Theory
The ____ states that all organisms are composed of basic units called “cells”.
Cell Theory
The ____ suggests that cells are derived from pre-existing structures.
Cell Theory
____ states that the creation of living organism is from non-living components.
Spontaneous Generation
The ____ was disproved by Louis Pasteur.
Spontaneous Generation Theory
____ formulated the theory of Natural Selection.
Charles Darwin
____ proposed that existing species arose by descent with modification from ancestral species.
Charles Darwin
The ____ states that individuals with heritable traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are better able to survive and reproduce.
Theory of Natural Selection
____ is known as the Father of Genetics.
Gregor Mendel
____ published a paper describing how traits are passsed from one generation to the other, using pea plants as models.
Gregor Mendel
____ proposed that traits are passed from parents to offspring in a predictable manner.
Gregor Mendel
Heredity is dependent on the genes contained in the structures called ____.
chromosomes
____ is the characteristic number of chromosomes a eukaryote has.
Diploid number
Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs called ____.
Homologous chromosomes
TRUE OR FALSE.
Members of a pair of chromosomes are usually identical in size and have the same location of their centromeres.
True
In ____ the chromosomes are copied and distributed to each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of chromosomes.
Mitosis
In ____ the cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is a haploid number.
Meiosis
The ____ states that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
The major chemical component of chromosomes were ____.
DNA and proteins
In 1962, ____ won a Nobel Prize from elucidating the DNA structure.
- Maurice Wilkins
- Francis Crick
- James Watson
What is the contribution of Maurice Wilkins, Francis Crick, and James Watson?
Elucidation of DNA Structure
The ____ is a long, ladder-like macromolecule that twists to form a double helix.
DNA
Each strand of the DNA molecule is made up of ____.
nucleotides
The four types of nucleotides found in the DNA are ____.
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Cytosine
- Guanine
Complementary base pairs of DNA
- Adenine - Thymine
- Guanine - Cytosine
Which sugar is present in the DNA?
Deoxyribose
The acidity of DNA is derived from ____.
Phosphate
Complementary base pairs are bonded together by ____.
weak chemical bonds or hydrogen bonds
The ____ is a single-stranded molecule that contains Uracil in place of Thymine.
RNA
The genetic information in the DNA is expressed to form a functional gene product, which is a ____.
protein
In eukaryotic cells, the process of gene expression begins in the nucleus with ____.
transcription
The synthesis of protein under the direction of the mRNA is called ____.
translation
Protein assemble is accomplished with the aid of ____.
tRNAs
____ are end products of gene expression.
Proteins
____, the largest category of proteins that serve as biological catalysts.
Enzymes
A protein’s shape and chemical behavior are determined by its linear sequence of ____.
amino acids
In early 1970s, ____ began when researchers found out that bacteria protect themselves from viral infection by producing enzymes that cut viral DNA at specific sites.
Recombinant DNA Technology
____ are used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, therefore producing a reproducible set of DNA fragements.
Restriction enzymes
Carrier DNA molecules are called ____.
vectors
The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make product is called _____.
biotechnology
____ is the study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes.
Genomics
____ identifies the set of proteins present in a cell under a given set of conditions, and studies their functions and interactions.
Proteomics
____ is a subfield of information technology used to store, retrieve, and analyze the massive amount of data generated by genomics and proteomics.
Bioinformatics
