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Cells > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A highly controlled process that regulates a sequence of events between one cell division and the next.

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2
Q

Name 3 parts of the cell cycle.

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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3
Q

Name the 3 parts of interphase.

A

G1
S
G2

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4
Q

What does the length of the cell cycle depend on?

A

Depends on environmental conditions, cell type and the organism.

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5
Q

Movement from one phase of the cell cycle to the next is triggered by which chemical?

A

Cyclins

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6
Q

What happens in G1 in interphase?

A

The cell receives a signal telling it to divide.

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7
Q

What does the cell make during G1?

A

RNA, enzymes and other proteins required for growth.

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8
Q

What happens in the S phase in interphase?

A

DNA in the nucleus replicates so each chromosome has 2 identical sister chromatids.

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9
Q

What 3 things happens in G2?

A

The cell continues to grow
The newly synthesised DNA is checked for errors and is repaired.
Proteins needed to make the spindle are produced.

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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process where a cell divides asexually to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells.

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11
Q

Describe what happens to the chromosomes in prophase.
Describe the structure of the chromosome.

A

They condense so they are now visible.
The chromosomes consist of 2 identical sister chromatids that are joined at the centromere.

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12
Q

What is the difference between a centromere and a centrosome?

A

Centrosomes are the organelle where spindle fibres extend from.
Centromeres are the point where the sister chromatids join together.

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13
Q

In prophase, where do the 2 centrosomes move to?
What begins to emerge from the centrosomes?

A

Opposite poles of the cell.
Spindle fibres start to emerge.

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14
Q

What happens in prophase to the nuclear envelope?

A

It breaks down into smaller vesicles.

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15
Q

Where do the centrosomes arrive at in metaphase?
What has now fully extended from them?

A

They reach opposite poles.
Spindle fibres have fully extended from the centrosomes.

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16
Q

Where do chromosomes align in metaaphase?

A

Down the equator of the cell so they are equidistant from each of the centrosome poles.

17
Q

In metaphase, where do spindle fibres attach to?

A

The centromeres.

18
Q

How are sister chromatids attached to the spindle?

A

Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fibre emerging from the centromere closest to it.

19
Q

In anaphase, how are the sister chromatids seperated from eachother?

A

The spindle pulls them apart at the centromere.

20
Q

What happens to spindle fibres in metaphase?

A

They begin to shorten.

21
Q

Where do sister chromatids move to in anaphase?

A

They are pulled towards opposite poles.

22
Q

In telophase, what do chromosomes do?

A

They decondense.

23
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope in telophase?

A

It begins to reform around each set of chromosomes.

24
Q

What happens to the spindle fibres in telophase?

A

They break down.

25
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cell cytoplasm divides and the 2 identical daughter cells are produced.

26
Q

Describe cytokinesis in animals.

A

A cleavage furrow forms in between the 2 cytoplasms and separates the 2 daughter cells.

27
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plants.

A

A cell plate forms at the site of the metaphase plate,
Once the cell plate reaches the cell walls of the parent cell, new cell walls are produced, separating the new daughter cells.

28
Q

Give 2 reasons for the importance of mitosis.

A

Growth and repair of new/damaged tissues.
Growth of multicellular organisms.

29
Q

What are unicellular zygotes and how does mitosis allow them to grow?

A

Zygotes are the cells produced after fertilisation.
Mitosis then allows the cell to divide and grow.

30
Q

Why do cells need to constantly be replaced?

A

They are constantly dying.

31
Q

Give 2 examples of where cells in humans are rapidly replaced.

A

Skin
Lining of the gut

32
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Where cells replicate their own DNA to produce genetically identical daughter cells.

33
Q

Name a cell found in humans that do not differentiate using mitosis.
Say where they come from instead.

A

Red blood cells.
They come from the bone marrow instead.

Cells (15 decks)

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