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Cells > Eukaryotic Cell Structure > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 parts that make up the nucleus.

A

Nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Chromatin

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2
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?
What’s contained in it?

A

A jelly like structure that contains nucleotides and enzymes required for DNA and RNA synthesis.

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Site of rRNA production.

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4
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Linear DNA bound with histones (proteins), which allows DNA to bundle tightly in the nucleus.

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5
Q

Describe the membrane of the nucleus.
What are nuclear pores?

A

Nuclei have a double membrane.
There are small nuclear pores in the membrane which allows things to leave/enter the nucleus.

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6
Q

Give 3 functions of the nucleus.
- What types of mRNA does it produce?
- What is stored in the nucleus?
- What organelle can the nucleus produce?

A

Controls the cell through production of mRNA and tRNA, leading to protein production.
Retains genetic material.
Manufactures rRNA and ribosomes.

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondrial membrane.

A

Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane
ATP synthase channels embedded in the membrane.
Membrane folded into cristae.

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8
Q

Name 3 other parts of the mitochondria.

A

Mitochondrial matrix
Cristae
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial ribosomes

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9
Q

What is the purpose of cristae?

A

Increases the surface area of the inner membrane to increase room for attachment of ATP synthase enzymes.

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Stores proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA that allow the mitochondria to produce their own proteins for use in ATP synthesis.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the mitochondrial DNA?

A

Codes for amino acids needed to produce polypeptides required for ATP synthesis.

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12
Q

What metabolic process are mitochondria involved in?

A

Aerobic respiration.

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13
Q

Name a cell where mitochondria would be in high volume in.

A

Muscle cell.

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14
Q

State 2 functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Provides a pathway for the transport of proteins.
Provides a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins.

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Flattened sacs called cisternae are continuous with the double nuclear membrane.
Ribosomes are embedded into the membrane.

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Flattened sacs, containing no ribsomes.

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17
Q

Give 2 functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Synthesises, stores and transports lipids.
Synthesises, stores and transports carbohydrates.

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18
Q

Describe why a cell might need to have a very large endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Cells that manufacture, store and transport large amounts of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates may have large RERs and SERs.

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18
Q

What 3 things does the endoplasmic reticulum do to proteins?

A

Synthesises proteins
Folds them into their 3D structure.
Modifies polypeptide shape if needed.

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus.

A

Small flattened sacs (cisternae), which are more compact than endoplasmic reticulum.
Release vesicles for transport.

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18
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A circular hollow structure used for the transport of substances through the cytoplasm to other structures or organelles.

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18
Q

Give 4 functions of the Golgi apparatus.

A

Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins.
Produces secretory enzymes.
Secretes carbohydrates.
Transports, modifies and stores lipids.

18
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do to lipids/proteins that allows them to be sent to the right location?

A

Labels lipids so they can be sorted and sent to the right location.

18
Q

How are proteins/lipids transported through or out of the cell?

A

They are packaged into vesicles which are pinched off the end of the cisternae.

18
Q

Describe how proteins/lipids/carbohydrates modified by the Golgi apparatus leave the cell.

A

Vesicles containing the component carry it through the cell cytoplasm fuse with the cell membrane to release the contents outside the cell.

18
Q

Describe a cell that may have extensive Golgi apparatus.

A

Secretory cells and epithelial cells lining the cell membrane.

18
Q

How do the Golgi apparatus know where to send the proteins?

A

The amino acid sequence, and where in the RER the protein was modified informs the Golgi vesicles where to release the protein.

18
Q

Are ribosomes membrane bound?
Where might they be found instead?

A

No, but they may be attached the membranes of other organelles.

18
Q

What is a ribosome made from?

A

rRNA and proteins.

18
Q

Briefly describe how ribosomes are used in protein synthesis.

A

They translate the code sent to them by mRNA.

18
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes.

A

Formed from Golgi vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes.

18
Q

Name 2 enzymes contained in lysosomes.

A

Protease.
Lysozymes.

19
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes.
What 2 things can lysosomes destroy and how?

A

Release hydrolytic enzymes that can be used to destroy pathogens by hydrolysing their cell wall, breaks down dead organelles etc.

20
Q

Why is the fluid contained in lysosomes slightly acidic?

A

To match the optimum pH of proteases.

21
Q

Describe a cell where lysosomes would be in high abundance.

A

Secretory cells, such as phagocytes and epithelial cells.

21
Q

What is exocytosis in lysosomes?

A

Removal of lysosomal enzymes outside of the cell

22
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Small projections into the cell surface membrane to increase surface area

23
Q

Name 6 parts of the chloroplast.

A

Ribosomes
Double envelope
Chloroplast DNA
Thylakoid (+Granum)
Intergranal lamella
Stroma

24
Q

Why do chloroplasts have ribosomes and DNA?

A

DNA contains instructions for polypeptides needed for photosynthesis.
Ribosomes enable protein synthesis.

25
Q

Describe the membrane surrounding the chloroplast.

A

A double plasma membrane.
Selective to what enters/exits organelle.

26
Q

What is a thylakoid?
Thylakoids are the site of which stage of photosynthesis?

A

Small discs found in stacks of up to 100. Contain photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
The site of the light dependent reaction in photosynthesis.

27
Q

What is a granum?

A

A stack of up to 100 thylakoids.

28
Q

What is the stroma?
Which stage of photosynthesis occurs here?

A

The fluid filled matrix inside the chloroplast.
The light goin dependent stage occurs here.

29
Q

What are the benefits of granal membranes having a large surface area?
(What is attached to it?)

A

Large surface area is beneficial so maximum amounts of chlorophyll, electron carries and enzymes can attach for the first stage of photosynthesis.

30
Q

Name a plant cell that doesn’t contain chloroplasts.

A

Root hair cell.

31
Q

What is the intergranal lamella?

A

Tubular extensions that join up stacks of thylakoids together.

32
Q

What is the membrane in a vacuole called?

A

Tonoplast.

33
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Membrane bound fluid filled sacs containing a solution of dissolved salts, sugars and amino acids.

34
Q

How do vacuoles provide support to plant cell?

A

They increase turgidity of cells, making them stronger.

35
Q

What are cell walls made from?

A

Microfibrils of cellulose.

36
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

A thin layer that cements adjacent cell walls together.

37
Q

Give 2 functions of cell walls.

A

Provide mechanical strength to the cell to prevent the cell bursting when water enters the cell by osmosis.
Also allows water to pass through the cell contributing to movement of water through the plant

38
Q

Why is cellulose strong?

A

High volume of hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains.

39
Q

What are the pores inbetween neighbouring cell walls called?
What do they do?

A

Plasmodesmata
They join cells by their cytoplasms enabling transport and exchange of substances

Cells (15 decks)

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