Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

How many polypeptide chains in an antibody?
What type of polypeptide is this?

A

4, quaternary polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Name the types of bonds/IMFs in a quaternary polypeptide.

A

Ionic
Disulfide
H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 2 chains in an antibody.

A

Light
Heavy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the variable region on an antibody?

A

A region that varies slightly depending on the antigen that the antibody is targeted for.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the constant region in an antibody?

A

The region that stays the same for all antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens when antigens and antibodies bind?

A

An antigen-antibody complex is produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the 2 chains found in the variable region of an antibody.

A

Light and Heavy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 2 ways that antibodies can lead to the destruction of antigens.

A

Agglutination
Neutralisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of several pathogens, clumping them together.
This makes it easier for phagocytes to find the cells and engulf them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. When antibiotics kill bacteria, how does water firstly enter the cell?
A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. When antibiotics kill bacteria, the bacterial cells are prevented from bursting by what substance in their cell wall?
A

Murein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. When antibiotics kill bacteria, what do they prevent enzymes from doing?
A

They inhibit the enzymes, preventing preventing peptide cross links in murein from being synthesised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. When antibiotics kill bacteria, once peptide cross links have been prevented from being formed, what happens to the cell?
A

If peptide cross links cannot form, this allows water to enter the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell and burst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity is a result of antibodies being introduced into an organism from an outside source. This means that direct contact with the pathogen is not required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to antibodies introduced from passive immunity?

A

Antibodies are not replaced once used up unless direct contact with the pathogen occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of how passive immunity is developed.

A

Passive immunity can develop from when the mother passes antibodies to the baby through the placenta.

15
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Immunity builds when the immune system is stimulated by direct contact with the pathogen.

16
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

Results from an individual becoming infected with a disease under normal circumstances. Body produced antibodies and may continue to do so for many years.

17
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Occurs when pathogens are artificially inserted into the body. Allows an individual to build immunity without them suffering from the disease.

18
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

An liquid containing dead/inactive pathogen that can safely be injected into the body to help build immunity.

19
Q

Vaccination leads to production of what type of cells?
How does this lead to immunity?

A

Production of memory cells. These circulate in the blood so if the pathogen enters again, antibodies can be produced rapidly to destroy the antigen before symptoms of the disease can be produced.

20
Q

Give some features of a successful vaccination programme.

A

Few side effects
Easy transport and storage
Must be people who are trained to give the vaccine
Economical
Large proportion of the population must be vaccinated to build herd immunity.

21
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a sufficient amount of the population is immune to a disease, so it is less likely to be spread.

22
Q

What are the benefits of herd immunity for those who cant be vaccinated?

A

Protects them from the disease as its presence in a population is much lower.

23
Q

Give some reasons why vaccines cannot eradicate disease.

A

Will not work the same for everyone
The disease can still develop in vaccinated people, they may just not develop symptoms
Pathogens may mutate so the vaccine is no longer effective
Individuals may refuse to be vaccinated.

24
Q

Give some ethical concerns surrounding vaccines.

A

Animals need to be tested on
Vaccines may have long term side effects
Vaccines may need to be tested on humans which could cause side effects
Vaccines may have unknown health risks

25
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies produced using a single clone of a plasma cell

26
Q

Give 4 uses for monoclonal antibodies.

A

Cancer treatment
Drug screening
Pregnancy test
Scientific research

27
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.

A
  1. Antigen injected into an animal to produce an immune response
  2. Plasma cells removed from the animal and fused with cancer cells
  3. This forms hybridoma cells which can divide and produce a single type of antibody inevitably.
28
Q

What are the issues with using monoclonal antibodies in humans?

A

May be recognised as foreign by the body