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IFM Bioenergetics > Mitochondrial Essentials > Flashcards

Mitochondrial Essentials Flashcards

1
Q

1.

Recall which organs have the greatest energy use and demands.

A

Brain

Heart, kidney liver

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2
Q

Why do mito conditions affect bain so much?

A

Brain Mitos working >5x as hard as Heart Mitos

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3
Q

primary mitochondrial disease

A

genetic

exacerbated by “minor” triggers

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4
Q

secondary mito disease

A

size, shape, fission/fusion, movement

in chronic ds - DM, AI, etc.

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5
Q

Mito and PD

A

dec ETC action (dec ATP)
dysfunctional fission
more ROS

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6
Q

MIto and AD

A

mito calcium signaling

more fission

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7
Q

ALS and mito

A

mito defects

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8
Q

Mfr1

A

does fusion

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9
Q

DLP1

A

does fission

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10
Q

mito and Breast CA

A

inc DLP1, dec Mrf2

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11
Q

Sirtuin activation (IV NAD?) - promotes mito fission or fusion?

A

fusion

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12
Q

•

Melatonin - promotes mito fission or fusion?

A

fusion

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13
Q

•

Betaine - promotes mito fission or fusion?

A

fusion

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14
Q

Palmitate- promotes mito fission or fusion?

A

fission

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15
Q

indomethacin- promotes mito fission or fusion?

A

fission

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16
Q

S/Sx suggesting mitochondropathy

A 
ptosis
ophthamoplegia
fatigue
diabetes
"hypoglycemia
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17
Q

S/Sx suggesting mitochondropathy

A 
ptosis
ophthamoplegia
deafness
fatigue
diabetes
"hypoglycemia"
protein wasting
cardiomyopathy
cardiac conduction defects
WPW
tachycardia
liver failure
depression
migraines
headaches
weakness
dysautonomia
fainting
neuropathic pain 
constipation/diarrhea
pseudo-obstruction
GERD
muscle wasting
exocrine pancreatic failure (can't make pancreatic enzymes)
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18
Q

CoQ10 level and effect

A

> 1.7 (or 2)

dec cardiac mortality

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19
Q

Carnitine indications

A

DM
sepsis
cardiomyopathy
renal ds?

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20
Q

“liver enzymes” and mito/oxid stress

A

AST and ALT increased to help replete GSH (needs aspartate and alanine)

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21
Q

SAM-e and mito

A

methylation is dependent on mitochondria! needs ATP

22
Q

SAM-e and liver cirrhosis

A

treat early and long-term - decreases liver transplant

23
Q

SAM-e and NASH

A

low SAMe leads to low mito GSH –> NASH

24
Q

what can be used in depression, OA, and HCV?

A

SAMe

25
Q

Silymarin = ? and effect and specific application

A

= milk thistle
protects mitochondria!
helps with chronic liver ds

26
Q

vit D and mito

A

helps with better mitochondrial function

improves

27
Q

Conditions that are examples of intracellular energy deficits.

A

obesity, CHF, cachexia, diabetes, fatty liver

28
Q

PGC1-alpha

A

induces mitochondrial biogenesis

29
Q

how to make more brown fat?
inducing…
lifestyle
supp/phyto

A

AMPK
cold
polyphenols
ALA

30
Q

ALA (alpha lipoic acid) actions

A

makes more brown fat via AMPK
increases glutathione/anti-ox
metal chelator

31
Q

ALA effect on met syn

A

helps with glucose/lipid metabolism, PCOS, TGs

32
Q

ALA dose and caveat

A

60 to 2400 mg in divided doses

*extended release to avoid hypoglycemia with higher doses

33
Q

Low WBC, Neutrophils, and Platelets in mito w/u

A

•Seen in High Ox Stress States

34
Q

GGT in mito lab w/u:

A

Marker of GSH recycling, oxidative stress exposures,

POP accumulation, DMII risk

35
Q

Mag and mito

A

needed to activate ATP!

can cause aching, neuro Sx

36
Q

Ammonia in mito lab w/u

A

if high, indicates high MTP activity - sign of mito dysfunction and oxid stress
ARGININE!*

37
Q

L:P ratio in mito w/u

and how to check!

A

if high, think ETC deficit (or false pos in acute illness)

First Morning Elevated Urine Lactate

38
Q

plasma AA and mito lab w/u

A

if global elevation –> catabolism

esp alanine!

39
Q

acyl-carnitine and mito lab w/u

A

use in ASD to check for inherited mito ds

40
Q

CoQ10 uses

A 
hypertension
CHF
hld
depression
fatigue
athletic performance/recovery
Neurodeg
AD, PD, HD
41
Q

CoQ10 uses

A 
hypertension
CHF
HLD
fatigue
athletes
neurodegeneration
AD, PD, HD
42
Q

Oxidative Stress Markers

A

DNA - 8OHdg
fats - lipid perox, oxLDL, isoprostane-F2
carb - HbA1C, AGEs
protein- 3 Nitrotyrosine

Others

  • Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
  • Micronutrient Deficiency serum, RBC, urine
43
Q

Oxidative Stress Markers in mito lab w/u

A

DNA - 8OHdg
fats - lipid perox, oxLDL, isoprostane-F2
carb - HbA1C, AGEs
protein- 3 Nitrotyrosine

Others

  • Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
  • Micronutrient Deficiency serum, RBC, urine
44
Q

ETC & Citrate Synthase Activity in mito lab w/u

A

done by muscle biopsy (or buccal swab - experimental)

45
Q

TRAP1 Gene SNPs

A 
hurt, tired, and queasy
chronic pain, fatigue, GI dysmotility
"Susan"
1-2% of population in European derived
Tx: aggressive anti-oxid
46
Q

Metabolic Tx for mito diseases

A 
Primary: 
B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, Folate, Biotin)
Iron, Mag
CoQ10
Carnitine

Secondary:
Creatine - source of high energy phosphate, buffers ATP, increased exercise/strength but not body comp
AA rebalancing
SAMe

47
Q

Lipid support Tx for mito ds

A

Oral:
If fecal fat, GI symptoms, dry skin, consider supporting
Pancreatic Lipase, Bile Acids
Phosphatidyl Choline (PC) - lipid that is part of mito membrane
Fish oil (EPA/DHA)
Flax Oil (aLA)
Evening Primrose Oil/Borage oil (GLA)

Secondary:
IV Lipid Replacement

48
Q

Oxidative Stress Tx for mito ds

A

Direct:
Direct Anti oxidants: Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Vitamin E
ALA,
CoQ10
NAC (critical factor for GSH)
Se, Cu, Mn (cofactors for antioxidant enzymes)

Indirect
sulforaphane
resveratrol
curcumin
EGCG
blueberries
49
Q

Detox & Inflamm Reduction Interventions for mito ds.

A

Detox Enzymes etc

  • sulforaphane, glucosinolate, quercetin
  • silymarin (milk thistle)
  • NAC
  • TMG choline
  • SAM2

Direct glutathione (various methods)

50
Q

What is Phosphatidyl Choline (PC)

A

lipid that is part of mito membrane

IFM Bioenergetics (10 decks)

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