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BIOL*1090 > Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Energy Production > Flashcards

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Energy Production Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

An evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms

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2
Q

What does the endosymbiotic theory state?

A

The organelles distinguishing eukaryote cells evolved through symbiosis of individual single-celled prokaryotes

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3
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Close and long-term biological interaction

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4
Q

What are two pieces of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • Binary fission of mitochondria and plastids
  • Circular DNA inside some organelles, similar to bacteria
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5
Q

Are the membranes of the mitochondria and chloroplasts part of the endomembrane system?

A

No

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6
Q

What are the mitochondria and chloroplasts specialized to do?

A

Harness energy for the cell

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7
Q

T or F: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are fully autonomous organelles.

A

False. They are semi-autonomous

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8
Q

Can mitochondria and chloroplasts grow and multiply independently of other membrane-bound compartments?

A

Yes

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9
Q

T or F: Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own circular genomes.

A

True

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10
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Specialized organelles that are the site of respiration in eukaryotic cells

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11
Q

What serves as the universal energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

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12
Q

Which organelle oxidizes chemical compounds like sugars into carbon dioxide and transfers the chemical energy to ATP?

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

What shape is the mitochondria?

A

Rod-shaped

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14
Q

Which layer of the mitochondrial membrane contains many enzymes with diverse metabolic function?

A

The outer mitochondrial membrane

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15
Q

Which mitochondrial membrane contains porins?

A

The outer mitochondrial membrane

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16
Q

What are porins?

A

Large channels permeable to many molecules when opened

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17
Q

What are the folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane called?

A

Cristae

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18
Q

What is the benefit of having cristae in the inner mitochondrial matrix?

A

They increase membrane surface area

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19
Q

Which mitochondrial membrane contains machinery for aerobic respiration and ATP formation?

A

The inner mitochondrial membrane

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20
Q

Which mitochondrial membrane is rich in cardiolipin?

A

The inner mitochondrial membrane

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21
Q

Cardiolipin is a phospholipid characteristic of what?

A

Bacterial membranes

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22
Q

What is cardiolipin needed for?

A

Needed for the optimal functioning of many enzymes

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23
Q

What are the two aqueous compartments of the mitochondria?

A

The matrix and the intermembrane space

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24
Q

What is contained within the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Mitochondrial ribosomes and DNA

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25
Q

What is the intermembrane space?

A

The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

26
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A process that uses chemical energy stored in molecules (ex. carbohydrates and lipids) to produce ATP

27
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen

28
Q

What does aerobic respiration produce as a byproduct?

A

Carbon dioxide

29
Q

What are the three stages of substrate-level phosphorylation in animal cell cellular respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Pyruvate oxidation
  • The citric acid cycle
30
Q

Which process produces only a small amount of the total ATP necessary for cellular functioning?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

31
Q

What does it mean for a coenzyme to be oxidized?

A

It’s able to accept electrons

32
Q

What does it mean for a coenzyme to be reduced?

A

It’s able to donate electrons

33
Q

What are the oxidized and reduced states of NAD?

A
  • Oxidized: NAD+
  • Reduced: NADH
34
Q

What are the oxidized and reduced states of FAD?

A
  • Oxidized: FAD
  • Reduced: FADH2
35
Q

What does the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 allow for?

A

Allows electrons and energy to be transferred

36
Q

During cellular respiration in animal cells, what occurs after substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

37
Q

Which process produces the majority of ATP necessary for cellular functioning?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

38
Q

What are the two main steps in oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • Generate electrochemical gradient
  • Synthesis ATP
39
Q

What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A

A series of intermediate electron carriers

40
Q

What is energy transfer at each complex along the ETC used for?

A

Used to pump H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space and create an electrochemical gradient

41
Q

What occurs at the end of the ETC?

A

A low energy electron is transferred to the terminal electron acceptor, resulting in the production of H2O

42
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen

43
Q

What is the enzyme after the ETC that synthesizes ATP?

A

ATP synthase

44
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase?

A

Synthesize ATP using proton movement down the electrochemical gradient

45
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles that convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy

46
Q

How do chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy?

A

By synthesizing simple sugars

47
Q

What type of organism contains chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthetic eukaryotes

48
Q

What is the third internal membrane of the chloroplast called?

A

The thylakoid

49
Q

Where is the site of the photosynthetic electron transport chain?

A

The thylakoid

50
Q

Where are light-collecting molecules contained within the chloroplasts?

A

The thylakoid

51
Q

T or F: The thylakoid is highly folded.

A

True

52
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The major photosynthetic pigment in the thylakoid

53
Q

What do enzymes do to the light energy collected by chlorophyll?

A

Use carbon dioxide as a carbon source to produce carbohydrates

54
Q

Why does chlorophyll appear green?

A

Because it is poor at absorbing green wavelengths

55
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process of building carbohydrates using energy from sunlight and CO2

56
Q

What are the carbohydrates synthesized during photosynthesis used for?

A
  • Used as a starting point for making other molecules
  • Used to synthesize ATP through cellular respiration
57
Q

What the two main stages of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light-dependent reactions
  • Light-independent reactions/the calvin cycle
58
Q

Where do light-dependent reaction occur?

A

The thylakoid membrane

59
Q

What is produced from light-dependent reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH

60
Q

Does the electron movement through the photosynthetic ETC occur as part of light-dependent or light-independent reactions?

A

Light-dependent

61
Q

Where do light-independent reaction occur?

A

In the stroma of chloroplasts

BIOL*1090 (15 decks)

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