Apoptosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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2
Q

T or F: Apoptosis is needed for an organism’s growth and development.

A

True

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3
Q

What is the result of non-active BmpRs in the embryonic hind limbs of chickens?

A

Reduces interdigital apoptosis and results in webbed feet

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4
Q

How do plants generate the fenestrated leaves of the Madagascar lace plant?

A

Using Apoptosis

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5
Q

What are the five stages of apoptosis?

A
  • Shrinkage of cell
  • Blebbing of plasma membrane
  • Fragmentation of DNA and nucleus
  • Loss of attachment to other cells
  • Engulfment by phagocytosis
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6
Q

What initiates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

Intracellular stimuli

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7
Q

What is the first stage in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

“killer” proteins assemble on the outer mitochondrial membrane and create pores that leak cytochrome c

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8
Q

What is one of the most common “killer” protein that initiated apoptosis?

A

Bax

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9
Q

What does cytochrome c assemble in the cytoplasm by combining cytoplasmic factors and procaspase 9?

A

An apoptosome

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10
Q

What does an apoptosome do to contribute to apoptosis?

A

It activates executioner caspases and proteases

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11
Q

What are four things activated executioner caspases and proteases do to a cell?

A
  • Disrupt cell adhesion
  • Destroy lamins (nuclear filaments)
  • Breakdown cytoskeleton
  • Activate DNase
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12
Q

What does DNase do during apoptosis?

A

Cleaves DNA into pieces and breaks down the cytoskeleton

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13
Q

T or F: Only too much apoptosis can lead to diseases, too little apoptosis has no effect on an organism.

A

False. Various diseases are directly associated with too much OR not enough apoptosis

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14
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by too much apoptosis?

A

Degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

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15
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by too little apoptosis?

A

Cancer

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