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BIOL*1090 > Cell Basics > Flashcards

Cell Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA undergoes transcription to become RNA and RNA undergoes transcription to become protein

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2
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process during development in which cells become specialized

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3
Q

Why are red blood cells a terminal cell type?

A

They lack DNA, therefore are unable to divide and have limited repair capabilities

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4
Q

What is the primary reason for which red blood cells have no cell nucleus or organelles?

A

This feature evolved to accommodate maximum hemoglobin carrying capacity

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5
Q

What is enculeation?

A

The mechanism by which maturing red blood cells eject their nucleus

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6
Q

What does the term abiogenesis refer to?

A

The chemical origin of life

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7
Q

What was the Miller-Urey experiment?

A

A chemical experiment that stimulated the conditions thought to exist on the early earth and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions

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8
Q

What is the primordial soup hypothesis?

A

The conditions on the primitive earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler organic precursors

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9
Q

T or F: amino acids can be generated in conditions that mimic those of early earth.

A

True

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10
Q

What are the three main things that are needed to make a cell?

A
  • Information
  • Chemistry
  • Compartments
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11
Q

How are cellular compartments usually defined?

A

By a single or double lipid membrane

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12
Q

What are the two fundamental roles of cellular compartments?

A
  • Establish physical boundaries that enable the cell to carry out different metabolic activities
  • Generate a micro-environment to spatially and temporally regulate biological processes
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13
Q

What term was coined by Robert Hooke?

A

“Cell”

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14
Q

What theory was proposed by Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann and later added to by Rudolf Virchow?

A

The cell theory

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15
Q

What are the three tenants of the cell theory?

A
  • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • The cell is the most basic unit of life
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells
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16
Q

List 9 basic properties of cells

A

(S.C.C.C.R.E.A.M.S)
- Respond to STIMULI
- COMPLEX and organized
- CONTROLLED by a genetic program
- Carry out CHEMICAL reactions
- REPRODUCE/make copies of themselves
- Able to EVOLVE
- ASSIMILATE and utilize energy
- Engage in MECHANICAL ACTIVITIES
- Capable of SELF-REGULATION

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17
Q

What is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms?

A

The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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18
Q

What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes lack a defined nucleus

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19
Q

Are archaea and bacteria classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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20
Q

What type of cells are present in single-cell organisms?

A

Prokaryotes

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21
Q

Where is genetic material found in prokaryotic cells?

A

In a nucleoid

22
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Asexually

23
Q

Are protozoa, fungi, plants, and animal cells classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

24
Q

Are eukaryotic cells found in multicellular organisms, unicellular organisms, or both?

A

Both (often multicellular)

25
Q

Where is genetic material found in eukaryotic cells, and how is it arranged?

A

Found in a nuclear compartment and is arranged as chromosomes

26
Q

Are slime molds prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

27
Q

Under which kingdom are slime molds categorized?

A

Kingdom Protista

28
Q

T or F: Slime molds are multicellular organisms.

A

False. They are single-celled.

29
Q

How do slime molds reproduce?

A

They use spores to reproduce sexually

30
Q

Are slime molds uninucleated or multinucleated?

A

Multinucleated

31
Q

Which organelle controls the movement of molecules in and out of the cell?

A

The plasma membrane

32
Q

Which organelle generates ATP by oxidizing glucose and fatty acids?

A

The mitochondria

33
Q

Which organelle degrades material internalized by the cell, as well as worn-out cellular membranes and organelles?

A

Lysosomes

34
Q

Which component of the cell encloses the contents of the nucleus and is continuous with the rough ER?

A

The nuclear envelope

35
Q

What is the nuclear subcompartment where most of the cell’s rRNA is synthesized?

A

The nucleolus

36
Q

Which organelle is filled with chromatin composed of DNA and proteins?

A

The nucleus

37
Q

Where are mRNA and tRNA synthesized?

A

The nucleus

38
Q

Which component of the cell contains enzymes that synthesize lipids and detoxify certain hydrophobic molecules?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

Which component of the cell functions in the synthesis, processing and sorting of secreted proteins, lysosomal proteins, and certain membrane proteins?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

Which organelle processes and sorts secreted proteins, lysosomal proteins, and membrane proteins synthesized in the rough ER?

A

The Golgi complex

41
Q

What is the role of secretory vesicles?

A

Store secreted proteins and fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents

42
Q

What do peroxisomes contain?

A

Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids into smaller molecules used for biosynthesis

43
Q

Which cell component contains fibres that form networks and bundles that support cellular membranes, help organize organelles, and participate in cell movement?

A

The cytoskeleton

44
Q

What is the primary role of microvilli?

A

Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

45
Q

Are microvilli unique to plant or animal cells?

A

Unique to animal cells

46
Q

Are cell walls unique to plant or animal cells?

A

Plant

47
Q

What are cell walls primarily composed of?

A

Cellulose

48
Q

Are vacuoles unique to plant or animal cells?

A

Unique to plant cells

49
Q

Are chloroplasts unique to plant or animal cells?

A

Unique to plant cells

50
Q

Which organelle carries our photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts?

51
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Tube-like cell junctions that span the cell wall and connect the cytoplasms of adjacent plant cells

BIOL*1090 (15 decks)

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