missing misc Flashcards
A newborn baby has just been delivered and their checks are being done. On their back a small bubble is found in the distal aspect of their spine. A torch is shone through but it transilluminates poorly. A decision is made to repair this.
What is the name given to this condition
myelomeningocoele
which nucles biological clock
suprachiasmatic
feltys syndrome
RA, splenomegaly, neutropenia
fundal height at 12, 20, 36 and 37-40 weeks
12- pubic symphysis
20- umbillicus
36- xiphoid proces
37-40- regression
which muscle and nerve winging spatula
serratus anterior, long thoracic
unhappy triad
ACL, medial collateral, medial meniscus
what is full term
40 weeks
treatment aspergillus
amphotericin b
which enzyme oxidative stress
G6PD
pan drug resistance
non susceptibiliy to all agents in all categories
extensivley drug resistant
one agent or more in 2 or less categories
multi drug resistant
one agent in three or mroe categories
test to see if rash is non blanching
tumbler
compare strains of influenza
a- antigenic drift and shift
b, c- antigenic drift only
stage 1-5 ckd gfr values
1- 90+ 2- 60-89 3- 30-59 4- 15-29 5- 15 or less
what type of drug is buprenorphine
mixed agonist antagonsit
mechanism pilocarpine
muscarinic agonist
which antibiotic can cause hearing loss
gentamicin
reversible cell injury changes
Reversible cell changes include swelling (of both the cell and its organelles), blebs in the cell membrane, clumped chromatin, and the separation of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
irreversible cell injury changes
-even further swelling of the cell and its organelles, rupture of lysosomes, membrane defects and breakdown of the endoplasmic reticulum.
There are also nuclear changes, such as: Pyknosis: irreversible condensation of chromatin and nuclear shrinkage. Karyolysis: dissolution of the nucleus. Karyorrhexis: destructive fragmentation of the nucleus.
which vitamin can cirrhosed liver not store
vitamin a
which cyp does carbemazepine induce
cyp3a4
universal blood type
o-
which type of allergic reaction involves the resp system
ige mediated
describe the ducts for each of the salivary glands
● parotid gland - Stensen’s, anterior to the ear/SCM, inferior to the zygomatic
arch and posterior to the masseter
● The submandibular gland - Wharton’s duct, digastric triangle, below the
mandible
● sublingual glands have multiple minor excretory ducts per gland and are located under the tongue
which branch of ECA supplies scalp
superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital
patho of sinusitis
A primary upper respiratory tract infection causes reduced ciliary function, increased
mucosal secretions and increased oedema, which can lead to blocked ostia. (1) Blocked ostia can impair the drainage of sinuses, leading to stagnant pools of secretions in the sinus. (1) These can be secondarily infected by bacteria (1)
dyspepsia definition
A complex of upper GI symptoms which are typically present for 4
or more weeks, including upper abdominal pain or discomfort, heartburn, acid
reflux, nausea and/ or vomiting.
which receptor ranitidine
H2
which surgery GORD
fundoplication
precursor of progesterone or oestrogen
cholesterol
2 drugs affecting COCP effectiveness
Þ anti-epileptics (carbamazepine, phenytoin)
Þ antibiotics (rifampicin, rifabutin)
CXR COPD
Flattened right and left hemidiaphragms. Hyperlucency of lungs. Hyperinflated
lungs. Increased number of anterior ribs seen.
cushings syndrome
Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome is caused by medical treatment (1) Occurs due to long-term corticosteroid use (1), causing excess cortisol to build up in blood (1)
cushings syndorme vs cushings disease
Cushing’s syndrome is an umbrella term for a collection of signs and symptoms that occur due to elevated cortisol levels (1). Cushing’s disease is a form of Cushing’s syndrome (1) caused by a tumour of the adrenal gland specifically (1).
why wean patient off steroids
Suddenly stopping corticosteroids can result adrenal gland dysfunction (1) by suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (1) This can result in the disruption of vital hormone production (1) Which can lead to adrenal insufficiency (1)
aids defining chest disease
Pneumocystis pneumonia
how does coronary circulation meet high demand
High capillary density (1 mark) - this creates a large surface area over which gas
exchange can occur, facilitating efficient O2 delivery.
- Very small diffusion distance (1 mark) - less than 9um.
- Continuous production of nitrous oxide (NO) from the coronary endothelium (1 mark) -
NO is an endogenous vasodilator, therefore helping to maintain a high coronary basal
flow rate.
RA on XRAY
los joint space
periarticular erosions
subluxation
soft tissue swelling
antibodies RA
anti-CPP
rheumatoid factor
extraarticular features of RA
carpal tunnel, spinal cord compression
frailty definition
Frailty is most often defined as an aging-related syndrome of physiological decline /
loss of biological reserves (0.5) ● Characterized by marked vulnerability to adverse health outcomes (0.5)
how to measure frailty
Frailty Index score = Number of deficits in an individual / Total number of
deficits measured ● Gait Speed Test ● PRISMA-7 ● Timed up and go
muscarinic symptoms
SLUDGE Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation GI upset Emesis
nicotinic symptoms
M muscle cramps T tachycardia W weakness T twitching F fasciculations
cause autonimic discharge
. drug overdose, magic mushrooms, nerve agents (Novichok/ Sarin
drugs for organophosphate poisoning
atropine- mAChR antagonist Pralidoxime - remove covalent bond modification from AChE
how does organophosphate poisoning occur
nhibits acetylcholine esterase via covalent modification (1). Acetylcholine is not broken down therefore builds up and it effect at NMJ’s is potentiated. (1)
