missed during blurts Flashcards
what can fimbriae also be called
adhesins or adhesion pili
what can pili also be called
sex pili or F pilus
two roles of capsules
Prevent cell from drying out and virulence factors
describe lag phase
length depends on history of the inoculum, time is required to get biosynthetic reactions
running
whats an auxotroph
Auxotroph= an organism that is unable to synthesize one or more essential growth
factors, and it will not grow unless factor is provided
what things may auxotrophs lack
98% of all the microorganisms
sequenced so far lack essential
pathways or key genes for the
synthesis of amino acids
whats an autotroph
Autotrophs, take CO2 and fix It into organic carbon. Self sustaioning. Primary producers, these are self sufficient
what organisms are the primary producers
the autotrophs
whats a heterotroph
Heterotrophs: take the organic carbon and fix it into CO2
whats a chemotroph
Chemotroph: chemical, organic or inorganic molecules used for enegry.
whats a phototroph
Phototroph: light to make energy
examples of chemotrophs and the different ways it can be done
Humans eat organic carbon molecules but some bacteria can use H2S which is inorganic.
define microbial ecology
The study of the relationships and interactions within microbial communities
Mycoplasmas
Prokaryotes that lack Cell Walls
describe the plasmid
a small circular self replicating DNA molecule separate from the main chromosome
describe wild type strain of bacteria
has all essential genes, can grow by itself, can be cultured
describe auxotrophs
lacks or is deffective in one or more essential genes for growth factors, cant grow unless the missing factor is supplied
define syntrophy
syntrophy, is when one species
gains metabolic products of another species.
microbial ecology
the study of interrelations among organisms and the environment
microbiome
all microorganisms and their genes within an environment.
Mesocosm
experimental conditions that simulates the real environment
enrichment culture
providing the temperature and
chemical conditions in the laboratory that encourage
the growth of specific groups of microbes
4 phyla that dominate our microbiome
Firmicutes
v Bacteroidetes
v Actinobacteria
v Proteobacteria
whats a viral envelope made of
lipids
describe icosahedral
a 20 faced polyhedron, the faces being equalateral triangles.
what in the cell do viruses hijack
biosynthetic machinery
what makes the viral capsid
globular protein units called capsomeres
most efficient way to pack the capsomere proteins
in a icosahedral arrangement
whats positive sense RNA virus
that positive sense acts like mRNA, so their genome can be directly translated into proteins.
whats negative sense RNA virus
Negative sense RNA viruses have to have their genome transcribed to then be translated then make the protein
steps of virus replication in human cells
1: the virus attaches to our cells through a receptor on the cell membrane
2: it the penetrates the cell membrane
3:the genome is uncoated
4: the genome is then replicated and expressed into proteins
5: the proteins are then assembled
6: the now formed virus is now released from the cell.
what on the cell does covid bind to
ACE2 receptor
what did chargaff discover
large variation in DNA and that AT CG
whats 8 histone proteins together called
an optima
whats a nucleosome
an optima plus the DNA wound around it 1.67 times
what makes a nuclear pore complex
nucleoporin proteins
what does the intermediate filaments help
help dna packing within the nucleus
whats the bit with lots of chromatin called in the nucleus
the nucleolus
what do electrons go to after PS1
NADP+ reductase
steps of calvin cycle
fixation, reduction and regeneration
what surrounds the pinocytosis vesicle
coat proteins
what do microfilaments do underneath the plasma membrane
make the membrane less fluid
collagen is the most abundant
glycoprotein
steps of PCR
denaturation, annealing then extension
temperature of denaturation
94-98
temperature of annealing
45-70
temperature of extension
72 exactly
what does en vitro mean
in a test tube
where are origins of replication
in ATATAT rich regions, only 2 H bonds
what is error correction during DNA synthesis done by
EXOnuclease activity of DNA pol 3
what is error correction done by after DNA synthesis
endonuclease
two reasons of En Vitro DNA syn
In vitro method of making multiple DNA copies so that there is enough DNA material to work with
v Only ‘targeted’ DNA region will be copied
in a karyotype the chromosomes are in what state
a metaphase chromosome
why do most gene products of X mutations not show a mosaic effect
Most do not show a mosaic effect in carrier females because the gene products can move around the body.
what does 5’ G cap do
Prevents mRNA degradation, promote intron excision and provides a binding site for the small ribosomal subunit
what activates termination in the translation
a release factor
mendels first lawe
segregation
mendels second law
independant assortment
whtas genetic screening
Increase the rate of random mutation, select for a phenotype of interest and sequence the genome to identify the mutation
whats the cell called when it has a trophectoderm
blastocyst
