missed during blurts

Question 1

what can fimbriae also be called

Answer 1

adhesins or adhesion pili

Question 2

what can pili also be called

Answer 2

sex pili or F pilus

Question 3

two roles of capsules

Answer 3

Prevent cell from drying out and virulence factors

Question 4

describe lag phase

Answer 4

length depends on history of the inoculum, time is required to get biosynthetic reactions
running

Question 5

whats an auxotroph

Answer 5

Auxotroph= an organism that is unable to synthesize one or more essential growth
factors, and it will not grow unless factor is provided

Question 6

what things may auxotrophs lack

Answer 6

98% of all the microorganisms
sequenced so far lack essential
pathways or key genes for the
synthesis of amino acids

Question 7

whats an autotroph

Answer 7

Autotrophs, take CO2 and fix It into organic carbon. Self sustaioning. Primary producers, these are self sufficient

Question 8

what organisms are the primary producers

Answer 8

the autotrophs

Question 9

whats a heterotroph

Answer 9

Heterotrophs: take the organic carbon and fix it into CO2

Question 10

whats a chemotroph

Answer 10

Chemotroph: chemical, organic or inorganic molecules used for enegry.

Question 11

whats a phototroph

Answer 11

Phototroph: light to make energy

Question 12

examples of chemotrophs and the different ways it can be done

Answer 12

Humans eat organic carbon molecules but some bacteria can use H2S which is inorganic.

Question 13

define microbial ecology

Answer 13

The study of the relationships and interactions within microbial communities

Question 14

Mycoplasmas

Answer 14

Prokaryotes that lack Cell Walls

Question 15

describe the plasmid

Answer 15

a small circular self replicating DNA molecule separate from the main chromosome

Question 16

describe wild type strain of bacteria

Answer 16

has all essential genes, can grow by itself, can be cultured

Question 17

describe auxotrophs

Answer 17

lacks or is deffective in one or more essential genes for growth factors, cant grow unless the missing factor is supplied

Question 18

define syntrophy

Answer 18

syntrophy, is when one species
gains metabolic products of another species.

Question 19

microbial ecology

Answer 19

the study of interrelations among organisms and the environment

Question 20

microbiome

Answer 20

all microorganisms and their genes within an environment.

Question 21

Mesocosm

Answer 21

experimental conditions that simulates the real environment

Question 22

enrichment culture

Answer 22

providing the temperature and
chemical conditions in the laboratory that encourage
the growth of specific groups of microbes

Question 23

4 phyla that dominate our microbiome

Answer 23

Firmicutes
v Bacteroidetes
v Actinobacteria
v Proteobacteria

Question 24

whats a viral envelope made of

Answer 24

lipids

Question 25

describe icosahedral

Answer 25

a 20 faced polyhedron, the faces being equalateral triangles.

Question 26

what in the cell do viruses hijack

Answer 26

biosynthetic machinery

Question 27

what makes the viral capsid

Answer 27

globular protein units called capsomeres

Question 28

most efficient way to pack the capsomere proteins

Answer 28

in a icosahedral arrangement

Question 29

whats positive sense RNA virus

Answer 29

that positive sense acts like mRNA, so their genome can be directly translated into proteins.

Question 30

whats negative sense RNA virus

Answer 30

Negative sense RNA viruses have to have their genome transcribed to then be translated then make the protein

Question 31

steps of virus replication in human cells

Answer 31

1: the virus attaches to our cells through a receptor on the cell membrane 2: it the penetrates the cell membrane 3:the genome is uncoated 4: the genome is then replicated and expressed into proteins 5: the proteins are then assembled 6: the now formed virus is now released from the cell.

Question 32

what on the cell does covid bind to

Answer 32

ACE2 receptor

Question 33

what did chargaff discover

Answer 33

large variation in DNA and that AT CG

Question 34

whats 8 histone proteins together called

Answer 34

an optima

Question 35

whats a nucleosome

Answer 35

an optima plus the DNA wound around it 1.67 times

Question 36

what makes a nuclear pore complex

Answer 36

nucleoporin proteins

Question 37

what does the intermediate filaments help

Answer 37

help dna packing within the nucleus

Question 38

whats the bit with lots of chromatin called in the nucleus

Answer 38

the nucleolus

Question 39

what do electrons go to after PS1

Answer 39

NADP+ reductase

Question 40

steps of calvin cycle

Answer 40

fixation, reduction and regeneration

Question 41

what surrounds the pinocytosis vesicle

Answer 41

coat proteins

Question 42

what do microfilaments do underneath the plasma membrane

Answer 42

make the membrane less fluid

Question 43

collagen is the most abundant

Answer 43

glycoprotein

Question 44

steps of PCR

Answer 44

denaturation, annealing then extension

Question 45

temperature of denaturation

Answer 45

94-98

Question 46

temperature of annealing

Answer 46

45-70

Question 47

temperature of extension

Answer 47

72 exactly

Question 48

what does en vitro mean

Answer 48

in a test tube

Question 49

where are origins of replication

Answer 49

in ATATAT rich regions, only 2 H bonds

Question 50

what is error correction during DNA synthesis done by

Answer 50

EXOnuclease activity of DNA pol 3

Question 51

what is error correction done by after DNA synthesis

Answer 51

endonuclease

Question 52

two reasons of En Vitro DNA syn

Answer 52

In vitro method of making multiple DNA copies so that there is enough DNA material to work with v Only ‘targeted’ DNA region will be copied

Question 53

in a karyotype the chromosomes are in what state

Answer 53

a metaphase chromosome

Question 54

why do most gene products of X mutations not show a mosaic effect

Answer 54

Most do not show a mosaic effect in carrier females because the gene products can move around the body.

Question 55

what does 5' G cap do

Answer 55

Prevents mRNA degradation, promote intron excision and provides a binding site for the small ribosomal subunit

Question 56

what activates termination in the translation

Answer 56

a release factor

Question 57

mendels first lawe

Answer 57

segregation

Question 58

mendels second law

Answer 58

independant assortment

Question 59

whtas genetic screening

Answer 59

Increase the rate of random mutation, select for a phenotype of interest and sequence the genome to identify the mutation

Question 60

whats the cell called when it has a trophectoderm

Answer 60

blastocyst