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CELS 191 > missed during blurts > Flashcards

missed during blurts Flashcards

1
Q

what can fimbriae also be called

A

adhesins or adhesion pili

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2
Q

what can pili also be called

A

sex pili or F pilus

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3
Q

two roles of capsules

A

Prevent cell from drying out and virulence factors

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4
Q

describe lag phase

A

length depends on history of the inoculum, time is required to get biosynthetic reactions
running

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5
Q

whats an auxotroph

A

Auxotroph= an organism that is unable to synthesize one or more essential growth
factors, and it will not grow unless factor is provided

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6
Q

what things may auxotrophs lack

A

98% of all the microorganisms
sequenced so far lack essential
pathways or key genes for the
synthesis of amino acids

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7
Q

whats an autotroph

A

Autotrophs, take CO2 and fix It into organic carbon. Self sustaioning. Primary producers, these are self sufficient

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8
Q

what organisms are the primary producers

A

the autotrophs

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9
Q

whats a heterotroph

A

Heterotrophs: take the organic carbon and fix it into CO2

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10
Q

whats a chemotroph

A

Chemotroph: chemical, organic or inorganic molecules used for enegry.

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11
Q

whats a phototroph

A

Phototroph: light to make energy

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12
Q

examples of chemotrophs and the different ways it can be done

A

Humans eat organic carbon molecules but some bacteria can use H2S which is inorganic.

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13
Q

define microbial ecology

A

The study of the relationships and interactions within microbial communities

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14
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

Prokaryotes that lack Cell Walls

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15
Q

describe the plasmid

A

a small circular self replicating DNA molecule separate from the main chromosome

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16
Q

describe wild type strain of bacteria

A

has all essential genes, can grow by itself, can be cultured

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17
Q

describe auxotrophs

A

lacks or is deffective in one or more essential genes for growth factors, cant grow unless the missing factor is supplied

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18
Q

define syntrophy

A

syntrophy, is when one species
gains metabolic products of another species.

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19
Q

microbial ecology

A

the study of interrelations among organisms and the environment

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20
Q

microbiome

A

all microorganisms and their genes within an environment.

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21
Q

Mesocosm

A

experimental conditions that simulates the real environment

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22
Q

enrichment culture

A

providing the temperature and
chemical conditions in the laboratory that encourage
the growth of specific groups of microbes

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23
Q

4 phyla that dominate our microbiome

A

Firmicutes
v Bacteroidetes
v Actinobacteria
v Proteobacteria

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24
Q

whats a viral envelope made of

A

lipids

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25
Q

describe icosahedral

A

a 20 faced polyhedron, the faces being equalateral triangles.

26
Q

what in the cell do viruses hijack

A

biosynthetic machinery

27
Q

what makes the viral capsid

A

globular protein units called capsomeres

28
Q

most efficient way to pack the capsomere proteins

A

in a icosahedral arrangement

29
Q

whats positive sense RNA virus

A

that positive sense acts like mRNA, so their genome can be directly translated into proteins.

30
Q

whats negative sense RNA virus

A

Negative sense RNA viruses have to have their genome transcribed to then be translated then make the protein

31
Q

steps of virus replication in human cells

A

1: the virus attaches to our cells through a receptor on the cell membrane
2: it the penetrates the cell membrane
3:the genome is uncoated
4: the genome is then replicated and expressed into proteins
5: the proteins are then assembled
6: the now formed virus is now released from the cell.

32
Q

what on the cell does covid bind to

A

ACE2 receptor

33
Q

what did chargaff discover

A

large variation in DNA and that AT CG

34
Q

whats 8 histone proteins together called

A

an optima

35
Q

whats a nucleosome

A

an optima plus the DNA wound around it 1.67 times

36
Q

what makes a nuclear pore complex

A

nucleoporin proteins

37
Q

what does the intermediate filaments help

A

help dna packing within the nucleus

38
Q

whats the bit with lots of chromatin called in the nucleus

A

the nucleolus

39
Q

what do electrons go to after PS1

A

NADP+ reductase

40
Q

steps of calvin cycle

A

fixation, reduction and regeneration

41
Q

what surrounds the pinocytosis vesicle

A

coat proteins

42
Q

what do microfilaments do underneath the plasma membrane

A

make the membrane less fluid

43
Q

collagen is the most abundant

A

glycoprotein

44
Q

steps of PCR

A

denaturation, annealing then extension

45
Q

temperature of denaturation

A

94-98

46
Q

temperature of annealing

A

45-70

47
Q

temperature of extension

A

72 exactly

48
Q

what does en vitro mean

A

in a test tube

49
Q

where are origins of replication

A

in ATATAT rich regions, only 2 H bonds

50
Q

what is error correction during DNA synthesis done by

A

EXOnuclease activity of DNA pol 3

51
Q

what is error correction done by after DNA synthesis

A

endonuclease

52
Q

two reasons of En Vitro DNA syn

A

In vitro method of making multiple DNA copies so that there is enough DNA material to work with
v Only ‘targeted’ DNA region will be copied

53
Q

in a karyotype the chromosomes are in what state

A

a metaphase chromosome

54
Q

why do most gene products of X mutations not show a mosaic effect

A

Most do not show a mosaic effect in carrier females because the gene products can move around the body.

55
Q

what does 5’ G cap do

A

Prevents mRNA degradation, promote intron excision and provides a binding site for the small ribosomal subunit

56
Q

what activates termination in the translation

A

a release factor

57
Q

mendels first lawe

A

segregation

58
Q

mendels second law

A

independant assortment

59
Q

whtas genetic screening

A

Increase the rate of random mutation, select for a phenotype of interest and sequence the genome to identify the mutation

60
Q

whats the cell called when it has a trophectoderm

A

blastocyst

CELS 191 (30 decks)

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