Lecture 1

Question 1

What is taxonomy

Answer 1

the branch of biology that groups and classifies species

Question 2

What are the three domains and describe them

Answer 2

1:Bacteria- the most widespread and diverse, all prokaryotes.
2: archaea- also prokaryotes but have more round structures and live in extreme environments like salt lakes
3: Eukaryotes: multi or uni-cellular organisms

Question 3

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Answer 3

Eukaryotes have a nucleus, which holds DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells have DNA in the nucleoid. Eukaryotes are also bigger size of 10-100um, prokaryotes 1-5um

Question 4

What are the 8 characteristics of life
Grahhm cracker

Answer 4

Growth and development
Reproduction
Hereditary sharing of DNA
Homeostasis
Adaptation through evolution
Metabolism

Cellular organisation
Response to stimuli

Question 5

There are 4 domains in Eukaryia, describe their differences in nutrition

Answer 5

Plants: get their nutrients internally from photosynthesis
Animals: get their nutrients from ingesting other eukaryotes
Fungi: absorbs nutrients from surroundings
Protists: Uni cell eukaryotes

Question 6

What are the 4 structures all cells share

Answer 6

DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane and all cells have a semifluid that organelles are held in, called cytosol.

Question 7

Cytoplasm vs cytosol

Answer 7

cytoplasm refers to all material held within a cell, the cytosol is the specific fluid which contains these organelles

Question 8

What is the plasma membrane made of ? Describe the characteristics of each part

Answer 8

its a phospholipid bilayer. The phosphates being on the edge of the membrane, they are hydrophilic. The lipid inner is then hydrophobic.

Question 9

what is endosymbiont

Answer 9

When an engulfed cell lives inside working with its host cell.

Question 10

What bacteria did mitochondria come from?

Answer 10

Proteobacteria

Question 11

What bacteria did chloroplast come from?

Answer 11

Cyanobacteria

Question 12

Describe plasma membrane. the head and tail and their features

Answer 12

The plasma membrane is made of a bilayer of phospholipids with different proteins attached or embedded into it. The Hydrophobic region is on the interior of membrane, hydrophilic surrounds the hydrophobic middle(interior) coming into contact with aqueous solution on either sides of bilayer.

Question 13

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 13

The endosymbiont theory proposes that the chloroplasts and mitochondria derive from bacteria. Stating that an early eukaryotic cell ancestor engulfed an oxygen using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, proteobacteria. The engulfed cell then worked with the host cell becoming an Endosymbiont. Overtime the two cells merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondria. One of these cells then took up a photosynthetic prokaryote, a cyanobacteria , becoming an ancestor of Eukaryotic cells with cholorplasts

Question 14

What was the order of endosymbiosis

Answer 14

proteobacteria then cyanobacteria, the endosymbiosis occured twice for mitochondria

Question 15

Which one of the following statements BEST describes the function of organelles? They:

Answer 15

provide separate compartments with discrete functions.

Question 16

ii) Define the tree of life. Use the term “phylogenetic tree” in your answer.

Answer 16

The tree of life is a special phylogenetic tree that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of all life.

Question 17

iii) What data was used to construct the tree of life?

Answer 17

DNA sequences from many different organisms were used to construct this tree of life.

Question 18

what best describes the extra cellular matrix

Answer 18

the mix of proteoglycans and glycoproteins that surrounds many cells

Question 19

ii) Define the tree of life. Use the term “phylogenetic tree” in your answer. (2 marks)

Answer 19

The tree of life is a special phylogenetic tree that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of all life