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Interpretations/ Plans > miscellaneuos essay plans > Flashcards

miscellaneuos essay plans Flashcards

Be quick with essays

1
Q

What is meant by African American political rights

A
  • Right to vote
  • Participation
  • Representation
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2
Q

What is meant by African American economic rights

A
  • Job opportunities
  • Wages
  • Emerging middle-class/ Access to skilled professions
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3
Q

What is meant by African American social rights

A
  • Racism and racial violence (Inc. lynchings)
  • Segregation (de jure and de facto)
  • Mass media and white support
  • AA culture
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4
Q

What is meant by Native American political rights

A
  • Control of land and reservations
  • Tribal sovereignty
  • Citizenship
  • Activism and campaigning
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5
Q

What is meant by Native American economic/land rights

A
  • Land
  • Job opportunities and training
  • enterprise and innovation
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6
Q

What is meant by Native American social rights

A
  • Perceptions and racism
  • Religious freedoms
  • Assimilation and acceptance
  • Social effects of reservation policy
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7
Q

What is meant by Women’s political rights

A
  • Right to vote (Inc. ability to vote independently)
  • Political representation
  • Political particpation/ activism on issues such as temperance, ERA, etc.
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8
Q

What is meant by Women’s economic rights

A
  • Job opportunities
  • Equal Pay
  • Access to skilled professions
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9
Q

What is meant by Women’s social rights

A
  • Reproductive rights
  • Perceptions/ Expectations
  • Separate spheres and cult of domesticity
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10
Q

What is meant by Trade Union’s right to exist and membership

A
  • Formal recognition by government and employers
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11
Q

What is meant by Trade Union’s Right to strike

A
  • Inc. willingness to and reaction to strikes
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12
Q

What is meant by Workers’ Rights

A
  • Wages
  • Working hours
  • Workers’ safety
  • Health insurance
  • Fringe benefits
  • Right to collectively bargain for these rights
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13
Q

Assess the View that Presidents helped rather than hindered AACRs (Would focus on Helped rather than hindered if question worded like this)

A

Political:
Help:
1. Roosevelt- Civil Rights section of the Justice department + 45 AAs to administrative positions
2. Carter- More minority appointments than prior pres. + 37 black federal judges
3. LBJ- Unity of pro-rights coalition + 1967 Thurgood Marshall to SC
4. Truman- Civil rights committee- Abolition of poll taxes
Hinder:
1. Hayes- Compromise of 1877
2. Wilson- Racist + Dismissed all black advisors
3. Reagan- 2% of judicial appointments were black
4. Johnson- Opposed Reconstruction legislation
J: Generally did little for AA political rights

Social:
Help:
1. Truman- CR committee on lynching, etc. + Exec order 9981
2. Roosevelt- Arthur Mitchell + ignored jim crow tradition
3. Eisenhower- 1957 Little Rock
4. Grant- 1871 KKK act
Hinder:
1. Wilson- encouraged segregation
2. Eisenhower- Refused to speak out Emmet Till 1955
3. Roosevelt- Anti-lynching bill 1935
4. Johnson- Vetoed bill for Freedman’s Bureau
5. Bush- Backed 1990 Crime Control Act
J: More sympathetic towards the end of the period

Economic:
Help:
1. Roosevelt- New Deal
2. Nixon- AA + 1969 Philadelphia Plan + Equal Opportunity Act 1972
Hinder:
1. Reagan- Welfare cuts + Opposed AA
2. Johnson’s amnesties 1865-69
(Constant changing of Presidents meant ST impact)
J: Progress towards the end of the period

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14
Q

Assess the view AA civil rights leaders were the most important factor in the progression of AACRs

A

Political:
1. AA Activists (1)- Thurgood Marshall + MLK and Randolph’s march on Washington + Selma + Jesse Jackson. BUT: Black Power and Black Panthers
2. Federal Government- 1965 VRA + Reconstruction legislation + Presidential appointments + 1944 Smith vs. Allwright. BUT: Relied on AA activism to push for change + Johnson, Reagan, Wilson + Voting restrictions
3. Economy/ War- WW1 and Emmett Scott + WW2 and NAACP membership and catalyst for CRM. BUT: Vietnam War and federal funds
J: Activism more consistent across period

Social:
1. AA Activists (1)- MLK and Birmingham + Du Bois and NAACP + Malcolm X + CORE + SNCC
2. Federal Government- CRA 1957, 1960, 1964 + Brown vs. Board 1954 + deseg. in 1960s. BUT: Gilded Age SC decisions + Minimal role 1877-1914
3. Economy/ War- WW1 + WW2 as catalyst for CRM and feelings pre and post-war towards serving with AAs and Truman exec. order 9981
J: Most decisions came after periods of activism

Economic:
1. AA Activists- Randolph and BSCP + Booker T and businesses + Garvey and UNIA + Jackson and 1981 Coca Cola boycott. BUT: Generally relied on Presidents and white sympathy
2. Federal Government (1)- Roosevelt’s New Deal + Nixon’s AA + Giggs vs. Duke 1971. BUT: Reagan + Johnson
3. Economy/ War- WW1 and great migration and wages + WW2 and jobs. (More important as WW2 triggered CRM). BUT: Economic downturn highlighted the importance of the fed (New Deal and GD, 1950s structural change)
J: Activists often used economy and war as an excuse for protest and relied on Federal sympathy

Conc: AA Activists most important

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15
Q

Assess the view that Booker T Washington was the most important CR leader for AACRs

A

Methods/ Successes:

  1. Booker T- Tuskegee Institute + National Negro Business League 1900. BUT: Atlanta + coincided with Jim Crow
  2. MLK- Media + NVDA + Birmingham, Washington, Selma. BUT: Albany 1961, Chicago 1966
  3. Malcolm X- Focus on soc/econ + Free Breakfast. BUT: No notable successes

Popularity:

  1. Booker T- Bonds from Carnegie + Quote. BUT: Criticism + Sensitive + Overshadowed by Garvey (4 mil in UNIA)
  2. Jackson- 1984 + 1988 for Democrats + 12% of electorate AAs. BUT: Lacked originality
  3. MLK- 250,000 for Washington 1963 + Leader after Montgomery 1955-56. BUT: Vietnam War 1967

Support from the Fed:

  1. Booker T- Relationship with T. Roosevelt + Taft + Moderate approach. BUT: Wilson 1913 + Failure of legislation
  2. MLK- Johnson and CRA 1964, VRA 1965. BUT: Alienated Johnson 1967 with Vietnam
  3. Randolph- Roosevelt 1941 Exec. Order + Truman 1948 Exec. Order. BUT: Lacked legislative gains

Conc:

  • King most important
  • Replicated tactics of Randolph
  • Garvey + Jackson gained more followers
  • Washington and Du Bois coincided with Jim Crow and dominance of Social Darwinism
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16
Q

Assess the view that internal divisions were the most important factor hindering the development of trade union rights

A 
Membership and right to exist: 
1. Internal Divisions (1)
2. Federal Government (2)
3. Economy (3)
J: Inteneral divisions persisted throughout the period + Fed Gov was "laissez-faire" not directly hindering
Right to Strike 
1. Internal Divisions (3)
2. Federal Government (1)
3. Economy (2)
J: Whilst internal divisions provided scab labour, Fed. used many other injunctions to end strikes 
Workers' Rights : 
1. Internal Divisions (3)
2. Economy (1)
3. Federal Government (2)
J: Fed Gov was only able to benefit workers with a thriving economy  + Internal divisions had little impact

Conc: Fed Gov.

17
Q

Assess the view that World wars were the most important factor in the progression of trade union rights

A

Membership and right to exist:
1. World Wars
2. Fed Gov (1)- Wagner Act (TU membership from 3.7 million in 1933 to 9 million by 1941 and 14.8 million by 1945)
3. Actions of TUs
J: Actions of TUs generally meant nothing without a sympathetic Fed Gov and employers rarely supported TUs

Right to Strike 
1. World Wars
2. Fed Gov (1)
3. Actions of TUs
J: Fed Gov used war to prevent strike action + Strike action most significant in post-war periods + with sympathetic gov for strikes. Fed gov most important because it only prevented strike action to protect war industries + Strike failures in the period of early industrialisation epitomise the importance of the federal government as without legal foundations, little progress could be achieved

Workers’ Rights :
1. World Wars- Benefits came with reduced strike activity. BUT: Post-war backlash
2. Fed Gov (1)
3. Actions of TUs
J: Fed Gov. clearly most important with the passage of equal wages and enhanced workers conditions + Postwar backlash hindered progress from wars + actions of TUs were specific and minimal

Conc: Fed Gov most significant as examples of greatest progression came through federal policies and not wars or TU activity

  • Unions themselves did little to help their cause as a result of the violence used and the frequent anti-union stance of the government
  • The government played the key role: but unintentionally: legislation was created in emergencies (e.g. 1930s and wartime, or in the CRs campaign). Many Presidents followed the message which Coolidge portrayed: “business in America is business, and business knows best”
18
Q

To what extent was the acquisition of US Citizenship in 1924 the most significant TP in the development of NACRs?

A

Political:

  1. Citizenship Act of 1924
  2. AIM and Nixon (60s and 70s) (1)
  3. Dawes Act/ Gilded Age

Social:

  1. Citizenship Act of 1924
  2. AIM and Nixon (60s and 70s) (1)
  3. New Deal and IRA

Economic:

  1. Citizenship Act of 1924
  2. AIM and Nixon (60s and 70s) (1)
  3. Reagan era
19
Q

Was the gaining the vote in federal elections in 1920 the most important turning point for women’s civil rights?

A

Political:

  1. 19th Amendment/ 1920s (1)
  2. 2nd Wave Feminism 1970s - 1992
  3. Gilded Age

Economic:

  1. 19th Amendment/ 1920s
  2. the 1950s and 60s (1)
  3. New Deal and WW2

Social/ Reproductive

  1. 19th Amendment/ 1920s
  2. 2nd Wave Feminism 1970s - 1992
  3. the 1950s and 60s (1)

Conc: 50s/60s most important

20
Q

Assess the view that the Economy/ Technology was the most important factor advancing Women’s civil rights

A

Reproductive:
1. Economy/ Technological advancements- Pill (1)
2. Federal government- SC cases
3. Women’s Activism- ABCL + NOW
J: Economy more important because more women used the pill than accessed abortions. 10 million by 1992 compared to 1.4 million abortions accessed by 1991

Political:

  1. Economy
  2. Women’s Activism (1)
  3. Federal government

Economic:

  1. Economy
  2. Federal Government
  3. Women’s Activism
  4. War (1)

J: Women’s activists and groups most important

Interpretations/ Plans (14 decks)

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