Miscellaneous Short OSCE Items Flashcards

1
Q

what pathogens are patients at risk from post-splenectomy

A
  • pneumococcus
  • haemophilus
  • meningococcus
  • capnocytophaga canimorsus; dog bites
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2
Q

what vaccinations are required for post-splenectomy patients

A
  • haemophilus influenza b
  • meningitis a and c
  • annual influenza vaccination
  • pneumococcal vaccination every 5 years

should be given 2 weeks pre-elective splenectomy is relevant

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3
Q

what antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended post-splenectomy

A
  • penicillin v 500mg bd
  • for at least 2 years or up to age 16
  • often for life
  • advise re malaria endemic regions
  • unclear guidance
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4
Q

what blood film features are seen post-splenectomy

A
  • howell-jolly bodies; cytoplasmic inclusions
  • increased platelet count; may need anitplatelet medication
  • target cells, reticulocytes and siderocytes

these changes are largely due to the absence of splenic clearance of defective cells

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5
Q

how is mrsa detected

A
  • nasal swab

- dna based test

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6
Q

how is mrsa treated

A
  • teicoplanin
  • vancomycin
  • linezolid as last resort
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7
Q

how is mrsa suppressed

A
  • chlorhexidine body wash and shampoo
  • mucopiricin nasal ointment
  • no retest needed
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8
Q

what is clostridium difficile

A
  • gram positive rod that produces an exotoxin that causes intestinal damage leading to pseudomembranous colitis
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9
Q

what are the features of a c diff infection

A
  • diarrhoea
  • abdominal pain
  • raised wcc is characteristic
  • severe toxic megacolon may develop
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10
Q

how is c diff infection comfirmed

A
  • cdt stool toxin
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11
Q

how is c diff managed

A
  • isolation
  • barrier nursing
  • metronidazole, then vancomycin
  • both if severe
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12
Q

what are the sites for intramuscular injection

A
  • ventrogluteal site
  • dorsogluteal site
  • deltoid site
  • vastus lateralis site
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13
Q

what are the sites for subcutaneous injection

A
  • Vascular areas around outer aspect of upper arms
  • Abdomen from below costal margins to iliac crest
  • Anterior aspect of thigh
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14
Q

lymph node examination

A
  • cervical nodes
  • axillary nodes; apex, lateral, medial, anterior, posterior
  • epitrochlear
  • inguinal
  • popliteal
  • hepatosplenomegaly
  • complete
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15
Q

explaining a procedure format

A
  • introduction
  • concerns
  • before
  • during
  • after
  • check understanding
  • complications
  • recap and check understanding
  • ending
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16
Q

explaining a diagnosis format

A
  • introduction
  • giving diagnosis with warning shot
  • check understanding
  • explain cause
  • explain symptoms
  • explain complications
  • explain treatment
  • address questions
  • recap and check understanding
  • ending
17
Q

principles of fracture managment

A
  • reduction
  • immobilisation
  • rehabilitation
18
Q

open fracture management

A
  • dr abcde; consider need for fluid replacement and/or blood transfusion
  • history and examination when the patient is stable
  • tetanus booster
  • clean and inspect the wound
  • lavage, debride, remove necrotic tissue
  • surgery
  • antibiotics; cefuroxime and metronidazole
  • analgesia
19
Q

early complications of fractures

A
  • wound infection
  • fat embolism
  • compartment syndrome
  • chest infection
  • disseminated intravascular coagulation
20
Q

late complications of fractures

A
  • deformity
  • osteoarthritis
  • aseptic necrosis
  • reflex sympathetic dystrophy
  • pulmonary embolism
21
Q

immediate post-operative complications

A
  • anaesthetic complications; arrhythmia, hypo/hypertension, stroke/mi, damage from intubation, breathing problems, allergy, hyperthermia
  • haemorrhage
22
Q

early post-operative complications

A
  • fluid depletion
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • fluid collection
  • local infection
  • systemic infection
  • dvt/pe
  • atelectasis
  • wound breakdown
  • anastamotic breakdown
  • bed sores
23
Q

post-operative complications; small and large bowel

A
  • ileus
  • intestinal obstruction
  • anastamotic leaks
  • stoma retraction
  • intra-abdominal collections
  • pre-sacral plexus damage
24
Q

post-operative complications; cholecystectomy

A
  • common bile duct injury

- bile leak

25
post-operative complications; cabg/stenting
- reperfusion arrhythmias - post-operative mi - often need inotropes
26
post-operative complications; grafts/stents/bypass procedures
- failure of graft - haemorrhage - infection - limb/organ ischaemia - re-thrombosis arteriopaths at high risk of - mi - cva - pe
27
post-operative complications; thyroidectomy
- airway obstruction secondary to haemorrhage - hypocalcaemia - recurrent laryngeal nerve damage
28
post-operative complications; parotidectomy
- facial nerve damage
29
post-operative complications; orthopaedic operations
- infection of prosthesis - loss of position/failure of fixation - neurovascular injury - compartment syndrome
30
post-operative complications; total hip arthroplasty
- sciatic nerve damage
31
post-operative complications; distal radial fracture repair
- extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture
32
post-operative complications; cystoscopy/turp
- high risk of uti - turp syndrome [hyponatremia] - retrograde ejaculation - external sphincter damage
33
post-operative complications; endovascular surgery
- retroperitoneal haemorrhage
34
post-operative complications; lymph node dissection
- lymphoedema
35
post-operative complications; neck dissection
- cranial nerve 11 damage | - cranial nerve 12 damage