Miscellaneous- IMS + Immunology Flashcards
What is the definition of inflammation
A local physiological response to tissue injury
Name 3 processes that happen at the end of acute inflammation
Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Progression to chronic inflammation
Causes of chronic inflammation
Primary chronic inflammation
Transplant reflection
Progression form acute
Recurrent inflammation
Give the name of a
A- malignant neoplasm of connective tissues
B- malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelial tissue
C- benign neoplasm of epithelial glandular tissue
D- benign neoplasm of non glandular epithelial tissue
A- Sarcoma
B- adenocarcinoma
C- adenoma
D- papilloma
Define a Granuloma
Aggregation of epithelioid histocytes
What is the sequence of neoplasm metastasis
Detachment Invasion of surrounding CT Intravasation into lumen of vessels Evade host defences Adhere to CT in remote location and extravasation Tumour cell proliferation Angiogenesis
List the cancers that metastasise to bone
Lung, kidney, breast, thyroid, prostate
Definition of neoplasm
A lesion resulting form the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after initial stimulus has been removed
What are the routes of metastases
Blood
Lymph nodes
Transcoeloemic
What are the promoters of apoptosis
BAX and BAK
What are the inhibitors of apoptosis
BCL2 and BCL-XL
What is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Binding of FAS-L and TNF alpha to it receptors — releasing initiator caspases and causing cell death
What is carcinoma in situ
A cancer That does not invade basement membrane
What is necrosis
Traumatic cell death which induces inflammation and repair- affects surrounding tissue
What is the pathway of neutrophil polymorph emigration
Margination
Adhesion
Emigration
Diapedesis
List 3 causes of acute inflammation
Microbial infections Hypersensitivity reactions Chemicals Bacterial toxins Physical agent
Cells involved in chronic inflamma and acute inflammation
Chronic- lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
Acute- neutrophils and monocytes
Macroscopic appearance of chronic inflammation
Ulcer
Abscess cavity
Granulamatous inflammation
Fibrosis
Which Ab found in mucosal surfaces
IgA
Tx for arterial thrombus
Anti-platelet e.g. aspirin
Tx for venous thrombus
Anti-coagulant- e.g.warfarin
List 3 characteristics of an arterial thrombus
Platelet rich
Loss of pulse distal to thrombus
Cold, painful, pale
Possible complications- stroke, MI, gangrene
List characteristics of a venous thrombus
RBC rich
Tender
Red, warm
What cells are most vulnerable to ischameia
Carciomyocytes and cerebral neurons
What organs are least affected by infarction and why
Liver, lungs and brain- have dual blood supply
What is dysplasia
Morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to being cancer
How do phagocytes identify pathogens
Via PAMPs (pattern associated molecular pattern) located on phagocytes
List 3 differences between innate and adaptive immunity
Innate- non specific, fast, no memory
Adaptive- specific, slow, memory
HIV can be measured by which cell type and what level indicates AIDS
CD4+ cell count
AIDS= CD4 <200
Name 3 groups at risk of contracting HIV
Men who have sex with men
Commercial sex workers
IVDU
Give 3 types of APCs
Dendritic cells
B cells
Macrophages
What T cells are associated with
A- cell mediated
B- humoral
A- TH1 and Tc
B- TH2
What MHC class proteins can be found on
A- CD8
B- CD4
A- I
B- II
What are the 3 complement systems
A- classical- activates due to Ab-Ag complex
B- mannose binding lectin- MBL binds to carbohydrate on pathogen
C- alternative- C3 directly acts on pathogens
What complement make up the MAC complex
C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
Name the primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus
Name the secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes and spleen
What is the most common marker on T cells
CD3
Name 2 anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL10 and IL4
Cell marker on NKC
CD56
Cell markers on B cells
CD19 and Cd20
Cell markers on macrophages
CD14 and CD40
Name 2 promoters of angiogenesis
Vascular endothelial growth factor
Fibroblast growth factorn
What cells exhibit MHC I
All nucleated cells (not RBCs- no nucleus)
Where are hobfaeur cells found
Placenta
What cytokines do macrophages release
IL1, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TNF-A
What cytokines do TH1 cells release
IL2, IFN-G
What cytokines do TH2 release
IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10
What cytokines promotes neutrophil chemotaxis
IL8
What cytokines stimulates eosinophil production
IL5
What cytokines activates NKC and differentiation of naive T cells
IL12
Give an example of live vaccine
TB, Polio, MMR
Which antibody is of pentameric form
IgM
Which antibody can cross placental
IgG
What are the 7 hallmarks of cancer
Evade apoptosis Ignore anti-proliferation signals Growth and self sufficiency Limitless replication potential Sustained angiogenesis Invade surrounding tissue Escape immune surveillance
List 5 features of an ideal vaccine
Safe Induces suitable immune response Shouldn’t require boosters Generates immunological memory Stable and easy to transport
List one advantage and one disadvantage of live vaccines
+ve- very efficient, immunological memory, only require 1
-ve- needs to be refrigerated, immunocompromised may be become I’ll
List one advantage and disadvantage of non-live vaccines
+ve- no risk of infection, storage less critical
-ve- weak response, booster required
3 advantages of active immunity
Induces immunological memory
Produces high affinity Abs
Produces persistent protection
Advantage and disadvantage of passive immunity
+ve- immediate effect
-ve- short term
What is the role of TLR4 agonists
Vaccine adjuvant
List 3 receptors that make up PRRs
TLR- sends signals to nucleus to induce apoptosis
Nod-LR- detect intracellular microbial pathogens
Rig-LR- detect intracellular double stranded dna
Mutation in NOD-2 results in
Crohn’s disease
What TLR are intracellular
3,7,8,9
What repeats are found in TLRs
Leucine rich repeats
What does TLR 2 detect
Lipoteichoic acid and TB
What does TLR 4 detect
LPS
What does TLR 5 detect
Detects flagellin
What does TLR 7 detect
Single strand rna
What does TLR 9 detect
Unmethylated nucleotide motifs (cpg)
