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Phase 2A (HV) > Miscellaneous- IMS + Immunology > Flashcards

Miscellaneous- IMS + Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of inflammation

A

A local physiological response to tissue injury

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2
Q

Name 3 processes that happen at the end of acute inflammation

A

Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Progression to chronic inflammation

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3
Q

Causes of chronic inflammation

A

Primary chronic inflammation
Transplant reflection
Progression form acute
Recurrent inflammation

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4
Q

Give the name of a
A- malignant neoplasm of connective tissues
B- malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelial tissue
C- benign neoplasm of epithelial glandular tissue
D- benign neoplasm of non glandular epithelial tissue

A

A- Sarcoma
B- adenocarcinoma
C- adenoma
D- papilloma

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5
Q

Define a Granuloma

A

Aggregation of epithelioid histocytes

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6
Q

What is the sequence of neoplasm metastasis

A 
Detachment 
Invasion of surrounding CT
Intravasation into lumen of vessels 
Evade host defences
Adhere to CT in remote location and extravasation 
Tumour cell proliferation 
Angiogenesis
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7
Q

List the cancers that metastasise to bone

A

Lung, kidney, breast, thyroid, prostate

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8
Q

Definition of neoplasm

A

A lesion resulting form the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after initial stimulus has been removed

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9
Q

What are the routes of metastases

A

Blood
Lymph nodes
Transcoeloemic

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10
Q

What are the promoters of apoptosis

A

BAX and BAK

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11
Q

What are the inhibitors of apoptosis

A

BCL2 and BCL-XL

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12
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Binding of FAS-L and TNF alpha to it receptors — releasing initiator caspases and causing cell death

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13
Q

What is carcinoma in situ

A

A cancer That does not invade basement membrane

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14
Q

What is necrosis

A

Traumatic cell death which induces inflammation and repair- affects surrounding tissue

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15
Q

What is the pathway of neutrophil polymorph emigration

A

Margination
Adhesion
Emigration
Diapedesis

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16
Q

List 3 causes of acute inflammation

A 
Microbial infections
Hypersensitivity reactions 
Chemicals
Bacterial toxins 
Physical agent
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17
Q

Cells involved in chronic inflamma and acute inflammation

A

Chronic- lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells

Acute- neutrophils and monocytes

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18
Q

Macroscopic appearance of chronic inflammation

A

Ulcer
Abscess cavity
Granulamatous inflammation
Fibrosis

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19
Q

Which Ab found in mucosal surfaces

A

IgA

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20
Q

Tx for arterial thrombus

A

Anti-platelet e.g. aspirin

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21
Q

Tx for venous thrombus

A

Anti-coagulant- e.g.warfarin

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22
Q

List 3 characteristics of an arterial thrombus

A

Platelet rich
Loss of pulse distal to thrombus
Cold, painful, pale
Possible complications- stroke, MI, gangrene

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23
Q

List characteristics of a venous thrombus

A

RBC rich
Tender
Red, warm

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24
Q

What cells are most vulnerable to ischameia

A

Carciomyocytes and cerebral neurons

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25
Q

What organs are least affected by infarction and why

A

Liver, lungs and brain- have dual blood supply

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26
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to being cancer

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27
Q

How do phagocytes identify pathogens

A

Via PAMPs (pattern associated molecular pattern) located on phagocytes

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28
Q

List 3 differences between innate and adaptive immunity

A

Innate- non specific, fast, no memory

Adaptive- specific, slow, memory

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29
Q

HIV can be measured by which cell type and what level indicates AIDS

A

CD4+ cell count

AIDS= CD4 <200

30
Q

Name 3 groups at risk of contracting HIV

A

Men who have sex with men
Commercial sex workers
IVDU

31
Q

Give 3 types of APCs

A

Dendritic cells
B cells
Macrophages

32
Q

What T cells are associated with
A- cell mediated
B- humoral

A

A- TH1 and Tc

B- TH2

33
Q

What MHC class proteins can be found on
A- CD8
B- CD4

A

A- I

B- II

34
Q

What are the 3 complement systems

A

A- classical- activates due to Ab-Ag complex
B- mannose binding lectin- MBL binds to carbohydrate on pathogen
C- alternative- C3 directly acts on pathogens

35
Q

What complement make up the MAC complex

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

36
Q

Name the primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

37
Q

Name the secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes and spleen

38
Q

What is the most common marker on T cells

A

CD3

39
Q

Name 2 anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL10 and IL4

40
Q

Cell marker on NKC

A

CD56

41
Q

Cell markers on B cells

A

CD19 and Cd20

42
Q

Cell markers on macrophages

A

CD14 and CD40

43
Q

Name 2 promoters of angiogenesis

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Fibroblast growth factorn

44
Q

What cells exhibit MHC I

A

All nucleated cells (not RBCs- no nucleus)

45
Q

Where are hobfaeur cells found

A

Placenta

46
Q

What cytokines do macrophages release

A

IL1, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TNF-A

47
Q

What cytokines do TH1 cells release

A

IL2, IFN-G

48
Q

What cytokines do TH2 release

A

IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10

49
Q

What cytokines promotes neutrophil chemotaxis

A

IL8

50
Q

What cytokines stimulates eosinophil production

A

IL5

51
Q

What cytokines activates NKC and differentiation of naive T cells

A

IL12

52
Q

Give an example of live vaccine

A

TB, Polio, MMR

53
Q

Which antibody is of pentameric form

A

IgM

54
Q

Which antibody can cross placental

A

IgG

55
Q

What are the 7 hallmarks of cancer

A 
Evade apoptosis 
Ignore anti-proliferation signals
Growth and self sufficiency 
Limitless replication potential 
Sustained angiogenesis 
Invade surrounding tissue 
Escape immune surveillance
56
Q

List 5 features of an ideal vaccine

A 
Safe
Induces suitable immune response 
Shouldn’t require boosters
Generates immunological memory 
Stable and easy to transport
57
Q

List one advantage and one disadvantage of live vaccines

A

+ve- very efficient, immunological memory, only require 1

-ve- needs to be refrigerated, immunocompromised may be become I’ll

58
Q

List one advantage and disadvantage of non-live vaccines

A

+ve- no risk of infection, storage less critical

-ve- weak response, booster required

59
Q

3 advantages of active immunity

A

Induces immunological memory
Produces high affinity Abs
Produces persistent protection

60
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of passive immunity

A

+ve- immediate effect

-ve- short term

61
Q

What is the role of TLR4 agonists

A

Vaccine adjuvant

62
Q

List 3 receptors that make up PRRs

A

TLR- sends signals to nucleus to induce apoptosis
Nod-LR- detect intracellular microbial pathogens
Rig-LR- detect intracellular double stranded dna

63
Q

Mutation in NOD-2 results in

A

Crohn’s disease

64
Q

What TLR are intracellular

A

3,7,8,9

65
Q

What repeats are found in TLRs

A

Leucine rich repeats

66
Q

What does TLR 2 detect

A

Lipoteichoic acid and TB

67
Q

What does TLR 4 detect

A

LPS

68
Q

What does TLR 5 detect

A

Detects flagellin

69
Q

What does TLR 7 detect

A

Single strand rna

70
Q

What does TLR 9 detect

A

Unmethylated nucleotide motifs (cpg)

Phase 2A (HV) (13 decks)

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