Miscellaneous Flashcards
What is the Glasgow-Imrie score used for?
Determines severity of acute pancreatitis.
1 = mild pancreatitis
2 = moderate
3+ = severe
What is the Gleason score used for?
To evaluate prognosis of men with prostate cancer using samples from biopsy.
What is the Hinchey classification used for?
Classification of acute diverticulitis.
What is Duke’s staging used for?
Bowel cancer - although it is not used much in practice anymore and it is better to use TNM staging.
What does the tumour marker Ca-125 indicate?
Ovarian cancer.
What tumour marker is raised in bowel cancer?
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
A raised tumour marker CA19-9 indicates what?
Pancreatic cancer.
What is the difference between crystalloids and colloids?
Crystalloids - contain small molecules that can easily pass through cell membranes.
Colloids - contain larger molecules and more protein that have a higher oncotic pressure and remain in the intravascular compartment, helps to expand the intravascular compartment.
What does Hartman’s solution contain?
Sodium, chloride and a small amount of potassium and some bicarbonate. Electrolyte concentrations are much closer to plasma concentrations than normal saline (which doesn’t contain any potassium).
In which patients should Hartmanns solution not be used?
Those with hyperkalaemia (as it contains some potassium).
What acid base abnormality may occur if too much normal saline is given?
Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis.
What must be done before an NG tube is used?
It’s position must be confirmed before use.
First it should be aspirated and the pH checked (1-5.5).
If this isn’t possible or pH is not within range then a CXR should be done to confirm the position.
Which organism causes Lyme’s disease?
Borrelia burgdoferi
What is the difference between haemophilia and thrombophilia?
Both genetic conditions
Haemophilia - increases tendency to bleed
Thrombophilia - increased tendency to clot
