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Phase 2a Summaries > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 stages of viral replication?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Cell entry
  3. Interaction with host cell
  4. Replication
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
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2
Q

Give 3 functions of CD4 cells?

A 
CD4 - Recognise peptides on MHC class 2 
Secrete cytokines and activate, B- lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells
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3
Q

In order to have immunity to HIV what do you need to possess?

A

Absence of CCR5 co-receptor

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4
Q

Name 3 enzymes used in HIV replication?

A

Reverse transcriptase
DNA integrase
Protease

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5
Q

What is cell tropism?

A

Host cell preference, chose which host cells affected

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6
Q

After how long does HIV enter the clinically latent phase?

A

12 weeks

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7
Q

Name 5 clinical findings you would see in the clinically latent phase?

A
  1. Oral candidiasis
  2. Recurrent shingles
  3. Persistant generalised lymphadenopathy
  4. Hairy Leukoplakia (white patch on tongue)
  5. Raised protein level
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8
Q

Which 2 markers are used to monitor HIV infection?

A
  1. CD4+ T-cell count

2. HIV viral load

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9
Q

At what CD4+ count would classify as AIDS?

A

<200

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10
Q

What would be the clinical presentation of primary (acute) HIV (2-4 weeks after infection)?

A

Abrupt onset of non-sepfici symptoms, diarrhoea, headache, sweating, sore throat, rash, mouth ulcers

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11
Q

What is a differential diagnosis of primary/acute HIV infection?

A

Secondary syphillis (rash on hands)

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12
Q

What is the clinical presentation of cerebral toxoplasmosis?

A

Headaches, seizures left hemiparesis, personality changes - cause by reactivation of latent condition

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13
Q

How do you treat cerebral toxoplasmosis?

A

Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine

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14
Q

How do you treat cerebral toxoplasmosis?

A

Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine

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15
Q

Which stain identifies cryptococcal meningitis?

A

India Ink Stain

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16
Q

Which two types of meningitis are most commonly asscoiated with AIDS?

A

Cryptococcal and pneumococcal

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17
Q

Which virus is non-hodkisn lymphoma strongly associated with?

A

EBV

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18
Q

Which virus is non-hodkisn lymphoma strongly associated with?

A

EBV

19
Q

Give 5 drugs that can be used at HAART drugs and their mechanism?

A

Nucloside/non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (stop RNA transcription), Protease inhibitors (prevent packaging of viral DNA), Integrase inhibitor, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors

20
Q

Which 3 drugs are commonly used in HAART?

A

2 Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor OR protease inhibitor

21
Q

What does HAART stand for?

A

Highly active anti-retroviral therapy

22
Q

Give 5 problems of using HAART in the developing world?

A
  1. Awareness and education
  2. Clinical services eg staff and monitoring facilities
  3. Cost/choice of drug
  4. Adherence
  5. Delivery of care
  6. efficacy
23
Q

Give 3 reasons why there is an increased number of HIV in 50-60 age group?

A

Divorce rate higher
Less sexual education at a young age
Stop using contraception as no worry of getting pregnant

24
Q

If you have a needle stick injury what should you do?

A

Take HIV drugs within 72 hours

25
Q

Give 7 methods of HIV prevention?

A
  1. Circumcision
  2. Post-exposure prophylaxis eg needle stick
  3. Pre-exposure prophylaxis
  4. STI control (ulcerative STI increased risk)
  5. Microbiocides (vaginal gels)
  6. HIV diagnosis. partner notification
  7. Behavioural therapy
  8. HAART treatment as prevention
26
Q

Give 4 benefits of knowing your HIV status?

A
  1. Abscess to appropriate medical care
  2. Reduction in morbidity and mortality
  3. Reduction in mother - child transmission
  4. Reduction of sexual transmission
27
Q

Give 5 benefits of knowing your HIV status?

A
  1. Abscess to appropriate medical care
  2. Reduction in morbidity and mortality
  3. Reduction in mother - child transmission
  4. Reduction of sexual transmission
  5. Cost-effective
28
Q

Name 3 groups you would include in targeted screening?

A
  1. Pregnant women
  2. High risk groups eg IVDU or truck drivers
  3. Clinical indications of immunosipressions
29
Q

Give 4 reasons as to why do doctors not always test for HIV?

A
  1. Failure to recognise HIV as a modifiable prognostic indicator
  2. Misconception
  3. Anxieties about false positive
  4. Underestimate risk of HIV in patients eg married
30
Q

In HIV how is early diagnosis cost-effective?

A

Saving on social care, lost working days, benefits claimed, cost associated with further onward travel

31
Q

Give 3 methods of HIV screening?

A

Venous blood sample (first choice)
Salivary antibody screening
Point of care tests- finger prick blood (false positives and negatives)

32
Q

Name 4 advantages of point of care testing for HIV?

A
  1. Outreach into community settings
  2. Increased patient choice
  3. Increased access to test and case detection
  4. Earlier diagnosis in non-healthcare seeking individuals
  5. Reduce risk of complication
  6. Reduce transmission
33
Q

Give 3 pit-falls of self-testing for HIV?

A

Incubation periods, misdiagnoses, inadequate partner notification (re-infection)

34
Q

Name 5 groups of people who are more at risk of getting HIV?

A
  1. Men who have sex with men
  2. injecting drug users
  3. Truck drivers
  4. Migrant workers
  5. Commercial sex workers
  6. Heterosexual men and women
35
Q

What are the 3 stages of the HIV epidemic?

A

Nascent <5% prevalence in all risk groups
Concentrated >5% prevalence in one or more at risk groups
Generalised >5% prevelence in general population

36
Q

Which age group is most affected by HIV worldwide?

A

15-24

37
Q

How does circumscion reduce HIV spread?

A

Reduces ability of HIV to penetrate due to removal of langerhans cells in inner foreskin which are targets for HIV

38
Q

Give 4 methods to reduce HIV spread in IVDU?

A

Needle syringe programmes
Drug dependence treatment
Drug detention and rehabilitation centres
Management of TB and vital hepatitis

39
Q

Give 3 methods to reduce mother to child transmission in HIV?

A
  1. Antepartum Zidovudine
  2. HAART until exposure to breast milk ended
  3. Lifelong ART
40
Q

Give 5 methods of HIV transmission?

A
  1. Unprotected sex - mucous membranes
  2. Contaminated needles eg IVDU
  3. Mother to child during birth
  4. Breastfeeding
41
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

Enzyme linked sorbent assay

42
Q

Which two diagnostic tests would confirm HIV diagnosis?

A

Positive ELISA and western Blot

43
Q

How does venous blood sampling for HIV work?

A

Test for p24 using ELISA

Phase 2a Summaries (12 decks)

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